Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Technology - Essay Example The technology age refers to the development, over time of several systematic techniques of doing and making things. The term technology was used, in the 17th century, to refer to the discussion of applied art only; gradually this art itself came to be the object of disintegration. Near the 20th century, the term had many meanings, processes and ideas, in addition to machines and tools. In the early 20th century, the term became common as most of technological developments took place in these times. There are many different uses of technology; the major and commonly applied area of technology is in communication (Hughes, 2009). Technology has been used to facilitate communication among people. Another use of technology is to provide the necessary security; a good example of such technology is that which is used, in airports and in the airplanes, to navigate aircrafts. Technology is used to make life easier, and it is manual. Companies also use technology to store information such tha t it becomes easy and efficient to locate and edit. Others use technology for entertainment purposes (Hughes, 2009). In the old days, all humans had a lifestyle that revolved around the development of tools and very few permanent settlements. The technology advancement then was to help humans to survive and get their food through hunting. Technology developments at that time were in the form of weapons and stone tools. Clothes were also among some of the major technology developments of that age. In the 21st century, main technological advancements are in the field of electronics. Biotechnology is also a relatively new field, which has undergone many developments. All the technology advancements of the 21st century have made our lives much easier and enjoyable (Colin & William, 2010). There are many different types and uses in technology. Technology can be divided several times according to the areas of use.

Examining the difference between a material weakness and a significant deficiency

Examining the difference between a material weakness and a significant deficiency The purpose of this memo is to summarize selected paragraphs of AS5 to form an understanding of how the top down approach is applied to an audit of internal controls. It is also to explain the difference between a material weakness and a significant deficiency by providing a list of indicators of material weaknesses, as well as an explanation of how both a material weakness and a significant deficiency will be communicated to the audit committee and on the auditors report. Top Down Approach The purpose of using the top down approach for an audit of internal controls is to allow the auditor to take a systematic approach to identify risks and select which controls to test. The top down approach begins with the auditor forming a general understanding of the entity and the industry in which it operates. This is accomplished by looking at the companys financial statements, and acquiring general business knowledge. The auditor then looks at the entity-level controls of the company to ensure that sufficient policies and procedures are implemented to recognize misstatements, due to error or fraud, in a timely manner so that material misstatements do not affect the financial statements. The two most important types of entity-level controls are those related to the control environment, and those over the period-end financial reporting process. Controls over the control environment should assess how management promotes ethical values and integrity, as well as whether or not the Board of Directors or the audit committee has assumed the responsibility of the accuracy and completeness of the financial statements and internal controls. Controls over the period-end financial reporting process should assess the methods used to enter information to the general ledger, how much IT is used in the financial reporting process, types of adjusting and consolidation entries, and the involvement of management, Boa rd of Directors, and the audit committee in the period-ending financial reporting process. Other entity-level controls that must be taken into account include controls over management override, the companys risk assessment process, centralized processing controls, controls that monitor operations, and controls that monitor other controls. It is important to understand that entity-level controls vary both in nature and precision. Some entity-level controls only indirectly affect the likelihood of detecting or preventing material misstatements, whereas others are specifically designed to monitor the effectiveness of the other controls. The more precise the control, the less tests the auditor must perform on those controls. Next, the auditor identifies any significant accounts and disclosures, and their relevant assertions. Relevant assertions are basically risky financial statement assertions. Financial statement assertions show that a transaction has occurred, is complete, is valued correctly, has transferred ownership to the company, and is properly presented on the financial statements. A relevant assertion, therefore, would be any of these financial statement assertions that are exceptionally vulnerable to having a misstatement and could cause the financial statements to be materially misstated. Significant accounts and disclosures that require more attention are those that are larger in size, are more susceptible to misstatements, are very complex, contain a larger volume of transactions during the period, have realized losses during the period, involve a high likelihood of related party transactions within the account, or there has been a significant change in the accounting methods used from las t year. It is beneficial for the auditor to go through the financial statements, and for each account and disclosure brainstorm all the ways it could have been misstated to identify as many risky areas as possible. Risk factors, as well as significant accounts and disclosures, and their relevant assertions will be the same for both the audit of internal controls as well as the financial statement audit. When auditing an enterprise with multiple business entities, the auditor should use the consolidated financial statements to identify significant accounts and disclosures. The next step is for the auditor to understand likely sources of misstatement. In order to do this, the auditor should achieve a series of objectives. These objectives include the auditor being able to show where there are vulnerabilities in a companys internal controls that could result in material misstatements to the financial statements, and what controls management has implemented to reduce these risks. The best way for the auditor to achieve these objectives is by performing walkthroughs. A walkthrough is when the auditor follows a transaction from its origination until it reaches the financial records, and makes sure that all of the control procedures were conducted properly. It is important that the auditor conducts these types of procedures him or herself and takes careful notes about what type of information technology is used, as well as what personnel is involved in each processing procedure. The final step in the top down approach is to select which controls to test. The auditor should test each control that is the most important in determining whether or not a particular risk has been sufficiently addressed. If two controls address the same risk, it may not be necessary to test both controls. Also, it may not be necessary to address two risks separately if one control sufficiently addresses both of them. Together, the tests of these internal controls will provide the auditor with a conclusion about the effectiveness of the internal controls over financial reporting. Material Weakness or Significant Deficiency The difference between a material weakness and a significant deficiency is simply that a significant deficiency is less severe. A significant deficiency is, however, still risky enough for the auditor to let management know so that they may have a chance to get rid of the problem. If management does not sufficiently address the problem within one year, the deficiency becomes a material weakness. All material weaknesses must be communicated to both management and the audit committee as well as mentioned in the auditors report on internal controls over financial reporting. A material weakness is a problem with the internal controls over financial reporting that will most likely result in an important error on the financial statements that would alter creditors and investors opinions about the company. Indicators of Material Weaknesses Auditing Standard five mentions four important indicators of material weaknesses to help the auditor determine what deficiencies are considered material weaknesses. The first indicator of material weakness is if there is any evidence that shows there may be fraud present. The second occurs when management alters the financial statements to fix a material misstatement that they found. The third is when the auditor finds a material misstatement and informs management about the problem. The fourth is an assessment of the audit committee. If the audit committee is doing a poor job acting as oversight over the financial reporting process of the company, there may be an increased likelihood of a material weakness. If any or all of these indicators are present for a given deficiency, the auditor should compare the facts with what a reasonable professional would consider to be in accordance with GAAP. If this is determined not to be true, the auditor must consider this deficiency a material weakness and disclose it on the auditors report of internal controls over financial reporting. Communicating to the Audit Committee and on the Auditors report The auditor is required to report any and all deficiencies found to management in writing and tell the audit committee about this communication. If the deficiency has already been revealed to management through different means, the auditor does not need to repeat this communication. If a material weakness is discovered, the auditor must communicate it to management and the audit committee first, and then disclose it in the auditors report. If a deficiency is determined to be significant, the audit committee, as well as management, must be informed in writing. The auditor is not responsible to report control deficiencies he or she is not aware of, nor is he or she responsible to provide assurance that all deficiencies have been discovered. The top down approach is a systematic method of assessing risk that an auditor uses to locate specific areas of risk in a companys internal controls over financial reporting, and select the best tests to make sure these risks are sufficiently addressed. The top down approach requires the auditors to start by understanding a company and its industry, then moving down to the companys entity-level controls, then to significant accounts and disclosures and their relevant assertions, then double check that the auditor has a complete understanding of the risks, and then finally select the controls that are necessary to test to make sure that all risks have been addressed. The main difference between a material weakness and a significant deficiency is that a significant deficiency is less severe. Also, although both must be communicated, in writing, to both management and the audit committee, only a material weakness must be disclosed in the auditors report.

dante :: essays research papers

Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) The greatest Italian poet and one of the most important writers of European literature. Dante is best known for the epic poem COMMEDIA, c. 1310-14, later named LA DIVINA COMMEDIA. It has profoundly affected not only the religious imagination but all subsequent allegorical creation of imaginary worlds in literature. Dante spent much of his life traveling from one city to another. This had perhaps more to do with the restless times than his wandering character or fixation on the Odyssey. However, his Commedia can also be called a spiritual travel book. "It were a shameful thing if one should rhyme under the semblance of metaphor or rhetorical similitude, and afterwards, being questioned thereof, should be unable to rid his words of such semblance, unto their right understanding." (from Vita Nuova, c. 1293) Dante Alighieri was born into a Florentine family of noble ancestry. Little is known about Dante's childhood. His mother, Bella degli Abati, died when he was seven years old. His father, Alighiero II, made his living by money-lending and renting of property. After the death of his wife he remarried, but died in the early 1280s, before the future poet reached manhood. Brunetto Latini, a man of letters and a politician, became a father figure for Dante, but later in his Commedia Dante placed Latini in Hell, into the seventh circle, among those who were guilty of "violence against nature" - sodomy. Dante received a thorough education in both classical and Christian literature. At the age of 12 he was promised to his future wife, Gemma Donati. Dante had already fallen in love with another girl whom he called Beatrice. She was 9 years old. Years later Dante met Beatrice again. He had become interested in writing verse, and although he wrote several sonnets to Beatrice, he never mentioned his wife Gemma in any of his poems. One of his early sonnets Dante sent to the poet Guido Cavalcanti, which started their friendship. Dante also dedicated his first book to Cavalcanti. The work, LA VITA NUOVA (1292), celebrated Dante's love for Beatrice. The nature of his love had its roots in the medieval concept of "courtly love" and the idealization of women. According to another theory, Beatrice was actually a symbol of 'Santa Sapienza', which united secret societies of the day. Harold Bloom in The Western Canon (1994) sees Beatrice as Dante's greatest muse, his invention, who saved him "by giving him his greatest image for poetry, and he saved her from oblivion, little as she may have wanted such salvation.

Political and familial contexts Essay

Examine the ways in which the political and familial contexts and relationships are established in Act I of the play. The politics of the Italian Court in the play are revealed to the audience as corrupt and unethical, also exposing the state of the English Court in this period. Webster could not have written about it directly and so it is shown through the setting in Malfi. This corruption is mainly embodied by Ferdinand and the Cardinal, who are the most politically powerful characters in the play. Their power in the Court is reflected in their familial relationships with the Duchess. The venality of the Court in Malfi is first suggested by Antonio who describes the general make-up of politics in any region using the analogy of a fountain, ‘whence should flow pure silver drops’ but can be poisoned at the top thereby, ‘death and diseases through the whole land spread. ‘ As it seems to have done in Malfi, as the two most powerful figures are so moraless. Antonio is also describing the effectiveness and purity of the French Court in this dialogue, which emphasises the corruption in Italy. Bosola who himself is seemingly amoral, being introduced to the audience by Antonio as the ‘court-gall’, directly refers to Ferdinand and his brother, the Cardinal likening them to ‘plum trees that grow crooked’. He suggests that too much power and riches has made them so, but also that they are surrounded by ‘flatt’ring sycophants’ who are like ‘crows’ and ‘caterpillars’ and use them to gain power and wealth for themselves. This analogy can be linked with Antonio’s, to say that the corruption at the top of Ferdinand and the Cardinal has affected the rest of the court and made them equally depraved and greedy. It is ironic that Bosola describes these people with such distaste as he himself is a flattering ‘pander’ hoping to improve his position in court. The Cardinal could be seen as possibly the most underhanded character in the play because he is supposed to be a man of God and so his crookedness is emphasised. In the Cardinal’s first appearance Bosola mocks his religious position, shown by the hyperbole, ‘With all your divinity,’ thus revealing the Cardinal’s religious values to be almost non-existent. Delio explains Bosola’s bitterness towards the Cardinal to Antonio, and reveals that he was put in the galleys for seven years for a murder he was commissioned to do by the Cardinal. This blatant unjust act again is an example of his clear corruption. Further into Act One, the Cardinal initiates the employment of Bosola as a spy in order to keep an eye on the Duchess, his power is clear at this point because he makes Ferdinand negotiate with Bosola as he ‘would not be seen in’t’, demonstrating his apparent control even over his own brother, the Duke of Malfi. His power is paralleled with his astuteness, as Ferdinand suggests Antonio instead of Bosola for the job and the Cardinal correctly observes ‘His nature is too honest’ showing his ability to read people making him all the more powerful. Ferdinand is also clever, he can see through the flatterers in the court purposely trying to get in his favour such as Castruchio, who constantly and unnecessarily addresses him as ‘my lord’ and tries to dissuade him from going to war. Ferdinand recognises this and makes a mockery of him, sarcastically commenting about his pun, ‘Why, there’s a wit were able to undo all the surgeons of the city’. His power and control here is also made clear, as he gets angry when they laugh without him laughing, ‘take fire when I give fire, that is, laugh when I laugh. ‘

Sharing Responsibility †Role of local and state bodies: Disaster Management Essay

‘Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. Disaster — The term ‘DISASTER’ has been taken from a French word ‘Desastre’ (French ‘des’ means bad and ‘astre’ means star) meaning bad evil star. A disaster whether natural or human induced, is an event which results in widespread human loss. It is accompanied by loss of livelihood and property causing devastating impact on socio-economical conditions. India is one of the most vulnerable developing countries to sufer from various disasters like-flood, drought, cyclone, landslide, earthquake, forestfire, volcanic erruptions, roits, terrorist attacks etc. Natural disasters- It is an event that is caused by a natural hazard and leads to human, material, economical and environmental losses. They are beyond the control of human beings. Nature provides us with all the resources, but it can be sometimes cruel also. Some examples of natural disasters are- the 2001 earthquake in Bhuj, Gujarat, the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the 2008 earthquake in China, the 2007 cyclone in Myanmar. Eg. Floods, Drought, Earthquake, Volcano, Cyclones, Landslides, Avalanches etc. Human-Induced Disasters- Man made disasters are caused by human activities such as nuclear explosion, chemical & biological weapons, industrial pollution, war, accidents etc.Some serious destructions caused by humans, which affects the human beings and the socio-economic conditions of that area. For example- the 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy, train derailments, serial blasts in Mumbai in 2008 (26/11) etc. Eg, Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Disasters. Disaster Management It is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding risks. In general it is the continuous process by which all individuals, groups and communities manage hazards in an effort to avoid or minimize the impact of the disasters resulting from the hazards. It is almost impossible to fully control the damage caused by the disaster, but it is possible to minimize to some extent by these ways- (1) By early warning given by MET. department through radio, TV. (2) The police control room , fire control officers , the near by RED-cross office and other rescue teams should be informed. (3) Spread awareness about disasters and tips to handle them. (4) Space technology plays a very important role in efficient mitigation of disasters. (5) Major loss of life and property can be avoided with carefull planning along with and effective warning and evacuation procedure. (6)We should cooperate with the rescue teams. It is our moral and social duty that we should help in arranging relief camps for those who have suffered. Role Of Local People In Managing Disasters- 1. Spread awareness about disasters 2. Organise mock camps in their holidays in neighbouring villages to train people to cope up with disasters 3. The basic role of students is spreading ‘AWARENESS’ of what to do during and after disasters. This would lessen the death toll, panicking, paranoid and uncontrollable people running about 4. Be a part of emergency rescue team 5. A big aspect of disaster management is preparedness 6. Students can also provide first aod which would help authorities in saving lives 7. Deforestation should be checked 8. Buildings should not be built on steep slopes and every construction should follow the Architechtural Parameters. INTRODUCTION: India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters on account of its unique geo-climatic conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes and landslides have been recurrent phenomena. At the global level, there has been considerable concern over natural disasters. Evenas substantial scientific and material progress is made, the loss of lives and property due to disasters has not decreased. Over the past couple of years, the Government of India has brought about a paradigm shift in the approach to disaster management. The new approach proceeds from the conviction that development cannot be sustainable unless disaster mitigation is built into the development process. This project discusses the roles that government andvarious agencies that play an important role in managing disasters. We too as citizens of India can play a major role. We can also be a volunteer and also a skilled personnel and save lives of our near and dear country men/women in any disaster scenario. At the time of disaster various agencies both government and non – government organizations playa crucial role in preparing the society. Home Guards, Civil Defense, Volunteers of national Service Scheme, NehruYuva Kendra Sangathan too play a major role at the time of crisis. This chapter tries to understand the functions and role of these agencies in disaster management, who make the society a better place to lives. http://www.annauniv.edu/nss/aboutnss.htm (impo) http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/government/disaster.html (impo) http://www.indiastudychannel.com/resources/67723-SHARING-RESPONSIBILITY-ROLE-OF-LOCAL-AND-STATE.aspx (impo) http://disaster.ifas.ufl.edu/PDFS/CHAP03/D03-07.PDF http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2004/englishpdf/chapter15.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Human_Duties_and_Responsibilities http://www.nagalandhgcd.nic.in/CD%20disaster%20mngt.html (civil defence in disaster management) http://www.nagalandhgcd.nic.in/index.html ( Nagaland Home Gaurds and Civil Defence Organisation) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(India)#Functions ( function of Home Guard ) http://www.un.org.in/_layouts/CMS/undmt.aspx ( UN Disaster Management Team ) http://www.psgtech.edu/ncc/02NccInfo.html (NCC – Impo) INDIAN CIVIL DEFENCE— Home Guard ( Delhi Home guard and civil defence) National Service Scheme UN DISASTER MANAGEMENT TEAM LOGO INDIAN ARMED FORCES: The Armed Forces have six main tasks; To assert the territorial integrity of India. To defend the country if attacked by a foreign nation. To send own amphibious warfare equipment to take the battle to enemy shores. To follow the Cold Start doctrine, meaning that the Indian Armed Forces are able to quickly mobilize and take offensive actions without crossing the enemy’s nuclear-use threshold. However, officially, India denies having a cold start strategy – quoting the Indian Army chief: â€Å"There is nothing called ‘Cold Start’. As part of our overall strategy we have a number of contingencies and options, depending on what the aggressor does. In the recent years, we have been improving our systems with respect to mobilization, but our basic military posture is defensive.† To support the civil community in case of disasters (e.g. flooding). To participate in United Nations peacekeeping operations in consonance with India’s commitment to the United Nations Charter. The code of conduct of the Indian military is detailed in a semi-official book called â€Å"Customs and Etiquette in the Services†, written by retired Major General Ravi Arora, which details how Indian personnel are expected to conduct themselves generally. Arora is an executive editor of the Indian Military Review. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces#Current (Details on the above info. And pictures of president of republic of India, Headquarters of ministry of defense etc.) NCC – India It is the Indian military cadet corps with its Headquarters at New Delhi. It is open to school and college students on voluntary basis. National Cadet Corps is a Tri-Services Organization, comprising the Army, Navy and Air Force, engaged in grooming the youth of the country into disciplined and patriotic citizens. The National Cadet Corps in India is a voluntary organization which recruits cadets from high schools, colleges and Universities all over India. The Cadets are given basic military training in small arms and parades. The officers and cadets have no liability for active military service once they complete their course but are given preference over normal candidates during selections based on the achievements in the corps. NCC HISTORY – The NCC in India was formed with the National Cadet Corps Act of 1948. It was raised on 15 July 1948 The National Cadet Corps can be considered as a successor of the University Officers Training Corps (UOTC) which was established by the British in 1942. During World War II, the UOTC never came up to the expectations set by the British. This led to the idea that some better schemes should be formed, which could train more young men in a better way, even during peace times. A committee headed by Pandit H.N. Kunzru recommended a cadet organization to be established in schools and colleges at a national level. The National Cadet Corps Act was accepted by the Governor General and on 15 July 1948 the National Cadet Corps came into existence. MOTTO OF NCC Unity and Discipline (Ekta aur Anushasan) AIMS OF NCC – 1. To develop qualities of character, courage, comradeship, discipline, leadership, secular outlook, spirit of adventure and sportsmanship and the ideals of selfless service among the youth to make them useful citizen. 2. To create a human resource of organized trained and motivated youth to provide leadership in all walks of life including the Armed Forces and be always available for the service of the nation. HOW ARE DISASTERS MANAGED AT NATIONAL LEVEL? http://ndmindia.nic.in/DM-Booklet-080211.pdf (institutional mechanisms) HOW ARE DISASTERS MANAGED AT STATE LEVEL: 1. INTRODUCTION The state Disaster Management Action Plan (DMAP) has been prepared for its operationalisation by various departments and agencies of the Government of Maharashtra and other Non-Governmental Agencies expected to participate in disaster management. This plan provides for institutional arrangements, roles and responsibilities of the various agencies, interlinks in disaster management and the scope of their activities. An elaborate inventory of resources has also been formalized. The purpose of this plan is to evolve a system to  · assess the status of existing resources and facilities available with the various departments and agencies involved in disaster management in the state;  · assess their adequacies in dealing with a disaster;  · identify the requirements for institutional strengthening, technological support, upgradation of information systems and data management for improving the quality of administrative response to disasters at the state level;  · make the state DMAP an effective response mechanism as well as a policy and planning tool. The state DMAP addresses the state’s response to demands from the district administration and in extraordinary emergency situations at multi-district levels. It is associated with disasters like road accidents, major fires, earthquakes, floods, cyclones, epidemics and off-site industrial accidents. The present plan is a multi-disaster response plan for the disasters which outlines the institutional framework required for managing such situations. The state DMAP specifically focuses on the role of various governmental departments and agencies like the Emergency Operations Centre in case of any of the above mentioned disasters. This plan concentrates primarily on the response strategy.

Education In France Example

Education In France Example Education In France – Book Report/Review Example Book Review: Education in France Book Review: Education in France France is the second largest country In Europe. It is also among the countries that enjoyed immense power and d influence in the past. In fact, one may argue that France had immense and continues to change the world. That is, in terms of culture and education more specifically. France is the fourth most populous nation. Over half of her population resides in cities. As result, France has a very high percentage literacy rate of up to 99%. Consequently, like other technologically developed countries, France’s rate of population growth has been slow especially after the second world (Gutek, 1993).The rate of farming activities has reduced even though agriculture is an important sector of the French economy. Moreover, the fact that about 33% of the land in France is arable under the country’s temperate climate. The land availability has led to a more urbanized France. Urbanization accompanies an increase in t echnological advancement. The advancement influences positively on the French education by mounting technological secondary schools as well as the vocational schools.The irony is that the French society is both customary and contemporary it is laissez-faire and at the same time conformist. In addition, it is religious and the same time secular. Regardless of these paradoxes, the French distinguish their country as a culturally unsurpassed leading light of the world culture. The impression that the French had a mission to civilize the world has had a profound influence on the French education. The phenomenon is evident through France’s activities in the eighteenth century. During this period, the French language rose to eminence of ousting Latin as the international diplomatic language (Gutek, 1993).The French were of the view that culture and common language gave them the French identity. Educationalists emphasized the responsibility of schools in broadcasting and upholding l anguage decorum, cultural tradition and preservation of the French identity. French system of education has seen to it that France thrives in its multicultural, multiethnic and multiracial character. France as a nation assumes the responsibility for service delivery in the education system since the creation of modern revolution. Policy makers within the state recognize the need to modernize education and make it influence the economy positively.ReferencesGutek, G. L. (1993). American education in a global society: Internationalizing teacher education. New York u.a: Longman.

Avon, Mary Kay and Estee Lauder Resume Animal Testing

Avon, Mary Kay and Estee Lauder Resume Animal Testing In February of 2012, PETA discovered that Avon, Mary Kay, and Estee Lauder had resumed animal testing. The three companies had each been cruelty-free for over 20 years, but since China requires cosmetics to be tested on animals, all three companies now pay for their products to be tested on animals. For a short while, Urban Decay also planned to start animal testing but announced in July of 2012 that they would not test on animals and would not sell in China. While none of these are completely vegan companies, they have been considered cruelty-free because they did not test on animals. Urban Decay takes the extra step of identifying vegan products with a purple paw symbol, but not all Urban Decay products are vegan. Testing cosmetics and personal care products on animals are not required by U.S. law unless the product contains a new chemical. In 2009, the European Union banned cosmetics testing on animals, and that ban went into full effect in 2013. In 2011, U.K. officials announced an intention to ban animal testing of household products, but that ban has not yet been enacted. Avon and Animal Testing Avons animal welfare policy now states: Some select products may be required by law in a few countries to undergo additional safety testing, which potentially includes animal testing, under the directive of a government or health agency. In these instances, Avon will first attempt to persuade the requesting authority to accept non-animal test data. When those attempts are unsuccessful, Avon must abide by local laws and submit the products for additional testing. According to Avon, testing their products on animals for these foreign markets is not new, but it appears that PETA removed them from the cruelty-free list because PETA has become more aggressive advocates in the global arena. Avons Breast Cancer Crusade (funded by Avons popular breast cancer walk) is on the Humane Seal list of approved charities that dont fund animal research. Estee Lauder Estee Lauders animal testing statement reads, We do not conduct animal testing on our products or ingredients, nor ask others to test on our behalf, except when required by law. Mary Kay Mary Kays animal testing policy explains: Mary Kay does not conduct animal testing on its products or ingredients, nor ask others to do so on its behalf, except when absolutely required by law. There is only one country where the company operates – among more than 35 around the world – where that is the case and where the company is required by law to submit products for testing – China. Urban Decay Of the four companies, Urban Decay had had the most support in the vegan/animal rights community because they identify their vegan products with a purple paw symbol. The company even distributes free samples through The Coalition for Consumer Information on Cosmetics, which certifies cruelty-free companies with their Leaping Bunny symbol. While Avon, Mary Kay, and Estee Lauder may have offered some vegan products, they had not specifically marketed those products to vegans and did not make it easy to identify their vegan products. Urban Decay had planned to sell their products in China, but received so much negative feedback, the company reconsidered: After careful consideration of many issues, we have decided not to start selling Urban Decay products in China . . . Following our initial announcement, we realized that we needed to step back, carefully review our original plan, and talk to a number of individuals and organizations that were interested in our decision. We regret that we were unable to respond immediately to many of the questions we received, and appreciate the patience our customers have shown as we worked through this difficult issue. Urban Decay is now back on the Leaping Bunny list and PETAs cruelty-free list. While Avon, Estee Lauder, and Mary Kay claim to oppose animal testing, as long as they are paying for animal tests anywhere in the world, they can no longer be considered cruelty-free.

Overview and Explanation of ZIP Codes

Overview and Explanation of ZIP Codes ZIP Codes, five-digit numbers that represent small areas of the United States, were created by the United States Postal Service in 1963 to aid in the efficiency of delivering the ever-increasing volume of mail. The term ZIP is short for Zone Improvement Plan. The First Mail Coding System During World War II, the United States Postal Service (USPS) suffered from a shortage of experienced laborers who left the country to serve in the military. In order to deliver mail more efficiently, the USPS created a coding system in 1943 to divide delivery areas within the 124 largest cities in the country. The code would appear between the city and the state (e.g., Seattle 6, Washington). By the 1960s, the volume of mail (and population) had dramatically increased as a vast majority of the nations mail was no longer personal correspondence but business mail such as bills, magazines, and advertisements. The post office needed a better system to manage the huge quantities of material that moved through the mail each day.   Creating the ZIP Code System The USPS developed major mail processing centers on the outskirts of major metropolitan areas to avoid the transportation problems and delays of transporting mail directly to the center of cities. With the development of the processing centers, the  United States Postal Service established ZIP (Zone Improvement Program) Codes. The idea for a ZIP Code System originated with Philadelphia postal inspector Robert Moon in 1944. Moon thought that a new coding system was needed, believing that the end of mail by train was soon to come and instead, planes were to be a huge part of the mails future. Interestingly, it took nearly 20 years to convince the USPS that a new code was needed and to implement it. ZIP Codes, which were first announced to the public on July 1, 1963, were designed to help better distribute the growing amount of mail in the United States. Every address in the United States was assigned a specific ZIP Code. At this time, however, the use of ZIP Codes was still optional. In 1967, the use of ZIP Codes was made mandatory for bulk mailers and the public caught on quickly. In order to further streamline mail processing, in 1983 the USPS added a four-digit code to the end of ZIP Codes, the ZIP4, to break ZIP Codes into smaller geographic regions based on delivery routes. Decoding the Code The five-digit ZIP Codes begin with a digit from 0-9 that represents a region of the United States. 0 represents the northeastern U.S. and 9 is used for the western states (see list below). The next two digits identify a commonly linked transportation region and the last two digits pinpoint the correct processing center and post office.   ZIP Codes were created to expedite mail processing, not to identify neighborhoods or regions. Their boundaries are based on the logistical and transportation needs of the United States Postal Service and not on neighborhoods, watersheds, or community cohesion. It is troubling that so much geographic data is based and available based only on ZIP Codes.   Using ZIP Code-based geographic data is not an excellent choice, especially since ZIP Code boundaries are subject to change at any time and do not represent true communities or neighborhoods. ZIP Code data is not appropriate for many geographic purposes, but has, unfortunately, come to be the standard for dividing up cities, communities, or counties into different neighborhoods. It would be wise for data providers and mapmakers alike to avoid the use of ZIP Codes when developing geographic products but there is often no other consistent method of determining neighborhoods within the diverse geographies of the local political boundaries of the United States. The Nine ZIP Code Regions of the United States There are a handful of exceptions to this list where parts of a state are in a different region but for the most part, the states lie within one of the following nine ZIP Code regions: 0 - Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire,  Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Jersey. 1 - New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware 2 - Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, Washington D.C., North Carolina and South Carolina 3 - Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida 4 - Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky 5 - Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin 6 - Illinois, Missouri, Nebraska, and Kansas 7 - Texas, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana 8 - Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Nevada 9 - California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, and Hawaii Fun ZIP Code Facts Lowest: 00501 is the lowest numbered ZIP Code, which is for the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in Holtsville, New York Highest: 99950 corresponds to Ketchikan, Alaska 12345: The easiest ZIP Code goes to the headquarters of General Electric in Schenectady, New York Total Number: As of June 2015, there are 41,733 ZIP Codes in the U.S. Number of People: Each ZIP Code contains approximately 7,500 people Mr. Zip: A cartoon character, created by Harold Wilcox of the Cunningham and Walsh advertising company, used by USPS in the 1960s and 70s to promote the ZIP Code system. Secret: The President and the first family have their own, private ZIP Code that is not publicly known.

Interview a veteran using these questions (be descriptive) Assignment

Interview a veteran using these questions (be descriptive) - Assignment Example ved during a period of time when our Country was heavily involved in the Vietnam conflict, where he says that though death was a common occurrence, it was one that you never get used to; Ron did three tours in Vietnam, despite this. During times of peace Ron acted as a weapons instructor, training men on the firing range. â€Å"The hardest part of the military, initially, was basic training,† stated Ron, â€Å"later on it became the loss of human lives.† Basic training serves as a trial by fire proving ground for Marines, pushing them to their limits both physically and mentally. Ron’s time in the military allowed him the opportunity to travel and he spent time in North Carolina, Kentucky, and Germany. The whole experience was one of learning and Ron says he most enjoyed that fact, along with the travel. After the military Ron became a successful Deputy Sheriff on the Special Reaction Team where he recently retired with a full pension. Ron says his military experience taught him to view issues from all sides, though he does believe that the Government keeps soldiers to long in combat situations. He now takes the time to actually focus on what others are trying to communicate and also helps those Veterans who may not have been as fortunate as he. He says he has finally gotten more acclimated to a society that is anti-war and he see’s people in a different light, understanding that our differences are the very thing which unites each of

Christian Faith and Global Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christian Faith and Global Islam - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that  Volf sees to it that what some of the Christians might view as differences in terms of Muslims and Christians is really not a difference if analyzed in detail. For example the fact that Muslims don’t recognize Trinity should be seen as a difference between the two religions. This is based on the fact that some Christians like the Orthodox also believe in the same principle. As much as some of the Volf’s arguments are strong, one would argue that they have limitations too. This can be confirmed by the inductive thinking approach that he places on his arguments. This is seen by his proclamation of the engagement rules in which he wants the followers of the two religions to focus on the common things they share and not the difference.This study highlights that  Lee main argument is based on the fact that one should understand the opponents point of view, more so when it comes to our enemies. This is an element that shows the practice o f loving our neighbors, but it does not mean we have to agree with them. In the book, Lee views Muslims as enemies to the Christians. This is based on their actions and omissions that see make them to be of the opposite teaching of Christianity. Lee discusses the orientation of Muslims when it comes to making of war and use it in the comparison of the Christian kind of war that ever existed.  Contrary to Muslims, Lee sees the teaching and the life of Jesus to be non- violent thus opposing war making and violence.

Annotated Bibliography for Classical Argument Paper

For Classical Argument Paper - Annotated Bibliography Example He had aimed at converting the virus into its own pre-pandemic state so that he could determine how it has changed over the past four years. According to the article, the virus that has been tweaked would make the inhabitants of the world vulnerable in the event that it escaped from the laboratory. The article goes further to state that the official at the University of Wisconsin have reassured the public that there is minimal risk of the virus finding its way out of the laboratory. The University considers the manipulation of the virus as a way of finding out how the virus can be dealt with and come up with changes that will make it less dangerous for human beings. This article will be used to (Farberov, 2014) that there are virus that have been modified such as the 2009 pandemic influenza that killed nearly half a million people globally to make it resistant to human immune system. The book focuses on immortality and whether it is a good thing as well as what you do once you acquire it. The protagonist in Lapin (2009) is a researcher in genetics known as Adam Boatwright and the immortality that he possesses is the kind that is achieved by not aging that he has discovered using his own technique. The book is among the Boatwright chronicles and this means that by the end of the book the reader will not have discovered if Adam is able to handle his condition of not aging. Adam is motivated in his research by his will to safeguard just his wife from breast cancer and throughout the novel, he pursues this agenda. Adam holds his wife in high esteem and listens to her ideas as well as taking her to an expedition that she has not prepared for. According to the author, the novel is not a sci-fi but it can be seen to treat themes of sci-fi and others that are not permissible in real life. The book by Lapin (2009) will be used to show that

Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer behavior - Essay Example There is a contrary perspective as well, which is, organization can straight way come up with marketing strategies, and then influence the consumer behaviour. That is, if the organization makes an all out ‘attack’ on the customers’ sense organs of eyes, ears and even nose, they can influence or tune the consumer’s behaviour and their buying habits. Either way, it is of paramount importance to focus on consumers’ behaviour and come up with marketing strategies, so the organization’s product or service can be made an enticing one as well as an optimally selling and successful one. In that direction, the focus will be on the British product or brand of BMW’s MINI or MINI Hatch, explaining how its marketing mix elements driven by psychological and sociological drivers has been working together to influence consumer buying behaviour, and thereby aiding it to become one of the most successful consumer products of the world. Background Mini (b randed initially as MINI, MINI Cooper and now as MINI Hatch) was originally a British automotive brand, but is now currently owned and manufactured by the German auto major, BMW Group. Due to its unique design and performance, Mini, since its launch in 1950s, became one of the most likeable and popular cars in Britain as well as throughout the world. It came under BMW’s control in 1994, when BMW purchased Minis’ then owner, Rover. However, with Rover facing massive losses at the turn of the millennium, BMW decided to sell Rover and thereby stop treating â€Å"'The English Patient†, as the struggling Rover subsidiary was nicknamed by the British Press. Even while selling off the Rover, BMW understanding the significance and potential of Mini as a brand made up its mind to hold it. They allowed Rover to sell out all the manufactured models, and when the last one was sold, the brand name 'Mini' got reverted to BMW. Under that brand name, BMW started manufacturing o f its version at Oxford plant in Cowley, United Kingdom, thereby launching what came to be one of the most successful brand plus iconic products out of UK. BMW’s MINI as an optimal PRODUCT With BMW reworking and re-branding an already successful product of Mini, it had in its hand an optimal PRODUCT, when it launched it in 2000 at the Paris Motor Show. During the launch, BMW modified the brand name as MINI Cooper, with the letters of ‘Mini’ capitalized, along the addition of the name Cooper. Both these changes were done to give it a makeover and importantly to differentiate it from the Mini was produced by Rover. This fresh avatar of MINI was unrelated to the old Mini in the technical and configuration sense, but still retained certain key, successful and iconic features like the transverse 4 cylinders, along with front-wheel-drive configuration and importantly the iconic as well as the unique "bulldog" touch. Although, they incorporated certain old features, the new MINI was an advancement or forward evolution of the old car, as many technologically advanced aspects starting from the high powered engine to various technical and non-technical aspects were featured. BMW MINI’s designer Frank Stephenson had this to say, â€Å"The MINI Cooper is not a retro design car, but an evolution of the original. It has the genes and many of the characteristics of its

Domestic Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Domestic Terrorism - Research Paper Example According to FBI, between the year 1980 and 2000, 250 out of a total of 335 terrorist acts were regarded as domestic terrorism as they are executed by the citizens of the United States. The motives behind these attacks are mostly different and they are executed by different organizations for different purposes. Domestic terrorism is conducted through different activities such as; shooting, assaulting, assassination, bombing or other means of destruction. A number of incidents related to domestic terrorism were on the rise in 1980s and according to FBI, most of these terrorist attacks were carried out by left-wing terrorist organizations. In the later part of 1980s, the threats from left-wing organizations receded therefore the incidents of domestic terrorism declined in the 1990s as compared to the incidences that took place in 1980s. However, the right-wing organizations started to gain momentum in 1990s and a number of domestic terrorism incidents took place in the name of antigove rnment movements. In the late 1990s, a rise in the activities of organizations endorsing animal rights and the environmental extremists was observed. To the surprise of the regulatory authorities, in the year 1999 8 out of the 12 terrorist incidents that occurred in the United States were attributed to the organizations endorsing animal rights or environmental extremists. One of such incidents included fire-bombing of an outlet of a clothing line. These extremists also took part in anti-corporate and anti-global activities. In order to create obstacles in the process of corporate deals and other activities, such groups also orchestrated destruction of property in order to hinder the corporate meetings.... In the year 1999, the group caused the burning of a ski resort in Vail, Colorado. The group caused some other property destructions in the later years such as; burning of Legend Ridge mansion, burning of numerous SUVs, and destruction of a 206-unit condominium in San Diego. In 2007, the group caused the destruction of four multi-million dollar homes through explosives, and in the most recent case, burning of an excavator. Due to these significant terrorist activities, this group is posing a threat to the government, therefore, the law enforcement authorities are taking active measures to avoid any future terrorist attacks by this group. From the analysis of the domestic terrorism in the United States, it can be inferred that the US has witnessed significant damage due to the domestic terrorist activities than the damage faced by international terrorism. Domestic terrorism has been prevailing in the United States for decades. The intensity of terrorist activities was different in diff erent eras. There are numerous groups or organizations that are actively involved in the domestic terrorist activities in the United States and there have been a number of notable domestic terrorist activities in the past few decades. The government should allocate more resources in order to enhance the measures being taken against the domestic terrorism and the authorities that form new laws should take the opinion of the opposing groups into account as well in order to reduce the domestic terrorist activities in the United States.

Assistant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assistant - Essay Example Orientation is done on the eighth step. In the ninth step, there is a probationary period. There are various external sources of recruitment. In order to select the high-level staff, there is a need for management consultants. Public advertisements are another external source. Additionally, campus recruitment is another external source. Recruiting individuals based on recommendations is another source. Deputation personnel are another external source (Tanabe, 2014). There are five internal sources of recruitment. Promotions, transfers, internal advertisements, retired managers and recall from long leave are internal sources of recruitment. The internal sources are reliable and often motivate the employees. Selection interviews select the people fit for the job. The types of selection interviews are situational interviews, job-related interviews, psychological interviews, and competency interviews. The most common questions in the selection interview are; what do you have to offer us?, what do you need?, what appeals about the job? and tell us about yourself (University of Oregon, 2014). There are four selection tests. They include performance tests, intelligence test, personality test, and interests test. They are useful in weeding out candidates, providing information about qualities of prospective employees, and the tests are unbiased methods of selecting candidates (North Dakota state university,

Domestic Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Domestic Terrorism - Research Paper Example According to FBI, between the year 1980 and 2000, 250 out of a total of 335 terrorist acts were regarded as domestic terrorism as they are executed by the citizens of the United States. The motives behind these attacks are mostly different and they are executed by different organizations for different purposes. Domestic terrorism is conducted through different activities such as; shooting, assaulting, assassination, bombing or other means of destruction. A number of incidents related to domestic terrorism were on the rise in 1980s and according to FBI, most of these terrorist attacks were carried out by left-wing terrorist organizations. In the later part of 1980s, the threats from left-wing organizations receded therefore the incidents of domestic terrorism declined in the 1990s as compared to the incidences that took place in 1980s. However, the right-wing organizations started to gain momentum in 1990s and a number of domestic terrorism incidents took place in the name of antigove rnment movements. In the late 1990s, a rise in the activities of organizations endorsing animal rights and the environmental extremists was observed. To the surprise of the regulatory authorities, in the year 1999 8 out of the 12 terrorist incidents that occurred in the United States were attributed to the organizations endorsing animal rights or environmental extremists. One of such incidents included fire-bombing of an outlet of a clothing line. These extremists also took part in anti-corporate and anti-global activities. In order to create obstacles in the process of corporate deals and other activities, such groups also orchestrated destruction of property in order to hinder the corporate meetings.... In the year 1999, the group caused the burning of a ski resort in Vail, Colorado. The group caused some other property destructions in the later years such as; burning of Legend Ridge mansion, burning of numerous SUVs, and destruction of a 206-unit condominium in San Diego. In 2007, the group caused the destruction of four multi-million dollar homes through explosives, and in the most recent case, burning of an excavator. Due to these significant terrorist activities, this group is posing a threat to the government, therefore, the law enforcement authorities are taking active measures to avoid any future terrorist attacks by this group. From the analysis of the domestic terrorism in the United States, it can be inferred that the US has witnessed significant damage due to the domestic terrorist activities than the damage faced by international terrorism. Domestic terrorism has been prevailing in the United States for decades. The intensity of terrorist activities was different in diff erent eras. There are numerous groups or organizations that are actively involved in the domestic terrorist activities in the United States and there have been a number of notable domestic terrorist activities in the past few decades. The government should allocate more resources in order to enhance the measures being taken against the domestic terrorism and the authorities that form new laws should take the opinion of the opposing groups into account as well in order to reduce the domestic terrorist activities in the United States.

Approaches to Best Practice Hospital Administration - Implications for Essay

Approaches to Best Practice Hospital Administration - Implications for Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The healthcare system in Saudi Arabia is a national healthcare system, which involves the provision of healthcare services by the government, through a number of government agencies. Although there is increased participation from the private sector, as this sector takes on more roles and responsibilities in the provision of healthcare in Saudi Arabia, the ministry of health (MOH) in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia is the major agency responsible for providing preventive, curative and rehabilitative healthcare services for the citizens. The ministry of health provides primary healthcare (PHC) services through a network of about 1,925 well-equipped health care centres located across the length and breadth of Saudi Arabia. According to statistics obtained for the website of the Saudi Arabian health ministry, "the country's ministry of health also uses a referral system which provides curative care for all members of society from the level of general practitioners at health centers to advanc ed technology specialist curative services through a broad base of about two hundred and twenty general and specialist hospitals"1 In order to carry out an assessment of the current healthcare system in Saudi Arabia, and ascertain ... scary to compare the healthcare system in Saudi Arabia to the healthcare systems of other countries in the middle east, and also some countries in the north of Africa. This comparison would be on the basis of the characteristics of the delivery system, demography, health expenditure and status.

Role Of Nurse In Breast Cancer Health Promotion Nursing Essay

Role Of Nurse In Breast Cancer Health Promotion Nursing Essay Health promotion has been defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its detriments and thereby improve their health (WHO 2005). Breast Health Promotion improves understanding and confidence among women. It can help to remove fear of breast cancer and it encourages early diagnosis (Breastcancer care 2008).Health promotion can be performed in various locations. The settings that have received special attention are the community, health care settings, schools and workplaces (Tilford et al 2001). Breast cancer is a disease that affects almost 46,000 women and around 300 men in the United Kingdom every year. One in nine women in the U.K will develop breast cancer at some point in their lifetime (Cancer Research UK 2006). The contents of this assignment will include the importance of health promotion, primary, secondary and tertiary levels in relation to breast cancer, legislation and barriers. Breast cancer is a very frightening word and the detection of it harrowing therefore early detection in order to improve breast cancer outcomes and survival remains the cornerstone of breast cancer control (Anderson et al 2008). Mortality from breast cancer is falling in all age groups and the reasons for this are not certain but early diagnosis through screening and improvements in treatment particularly greater use of adjuvant therapies (e.g. chemotheraphy or radiotherapy) undoubtedly contribute (Petro et al 2000). It is important that women have as much information about the benefits and the risks of potential treatments so that they are able to have an active role in their treatment plans. Treatment should be tailored to individual needs and circumstances (NICE 2009). There are several types of breast cancer which can develop in different parts of the breast and the most common form is ductal breast cancer which develops in the cells that line the breast ducts. Ductal breast cancer accounts for approximately 80% of all cases of breast cancer. (NICE 2002). Breast cancer can spread to different parts of the body such as the bones, lymph nodes and the liver. (NHS Choices 2010). Primary interventions should be considered in the promotion of health in reducing some of the risks of getting breast cancer; these include maintaining a healthy diet (particularly one low in fat but high in fibre and vegetables). A key feature of the governments prevention strategy to reduce early deaths from cancers and coronary heart disease is action to improve diet and nutrition with the introduction of eating 5 A DAY and CHANGE 4 LIFE. Evidence has shown that higher fruit and vegetable consumption can reduce the risk of breast cancer (DH 2000). Being active and undertaking some exercise also reduces the risk and women with higher levels of physical exercise have around 30% lower risk of developing breast cancer than those that are least active. The higher the level of physical activity the lower the risk (Dorn et al 2003). Drinking more than two units of alcohol per day over a number of years can also increase the risk (Macmillan 2008). In order to help promote the governments programmes, it is essential that the nurse has sound knowledge of these plans so that she can raise awareness of health benefits, offer advice and educate patients about all the strategies that they can do to help promote a healthier life. It is very important to become familiar with how the breasts look and feel at different times of the month. The breast awareness 5-point code was introduced as a way of caring for your body and being able to notice any unusual changes in your breasts (Breast Cancer care 2007).The practice nurse will offer guidance to show patients how to examine their breasts or offer a leaflet which contains all the necessary information. School nurses are also helping to promote breast health and breast cancer prevention to young girls across the nation in schools where they talk openly with girls about breast development and the complex health and emotional issues and problems that may occur. The health promotion enables the young girls to face the future with confidence and with knowledge of breast cancer. (Breast cancer 2008). Breast screening is offered to all women between the ages of 50-70 years and they will receive an appointment by letter to attend for breast screening, however, if any unusual changes in the breast are noticed, it is essential that an appointment to see a G.P or the practice nurse is made, where a full examination of the breasts will be given. Reassurance and support will be given by the nurse or G.P and they will try to alleviate some embarrassment by maintaining privacy and dignity by locking the door and by pulling the curtains around (NMC 2008).If the nurse or G.P is uncertain about the problem, or they think that cancer may be present then a referral to a breast specialist for advice or treatment will be necessary. All patients that are referred to a specialist with breast symptoms, even if breast cancer is not suspected should be seen within two weeks of the referral (DH 2007). Diagnosis in the breast clinic at the hospital is made by a triple assessment (clinical assessment, mammography and/ or ultrasound imaging, core biopsy and/ or fine needle aspiration cytology (NICE 2009). The breast cancer nurse will introduce herself and she will explain everything fully to the patient before gaining relevant historical information off them, the nurse will also ask the patient if they have any questions before asking the patient to put on a gown (ensuring dignity and privacy is maintained).The nurse must use sensitivity, empathy and understanding as this can often be emotionally upsetting and distressing for women. The nurse will ensure that prior consent is always gained off the patient (NMC 2008). Screening is carried out by using either ultrasound scans of the breasts or by mammograms which are x-rays that use very low doses of radiation. In some cases women have both of these. A core biopsy may be used to take samples of cells from a lump or area of abnormality in the breast using a needle. This will be sent to the laboratory where it will be studied by a pathologist. The results of these tests can help determine if the lump contains cancerous cells. Local anaesthetic is used in biopsies and the breast may have some bruising or soreness afterwards. The nurse will be on hand to guide the patient through the experience and will offer advice in caring for the area afterwards and she will assist in making follow up appointments and further treatment plans. The nurse will also support the patient by trying to relieve anxieties, offering reassurances and by answering any concerns. Providing information by the nurse alongside all the support can empower the patient to retain or regain control over their lives (DH 2007).Lack of good, sensitive communication skills provokes poor patient care and it costs the NHS greatly in preventable loss of money, time and resour ces (DH 2000). At tertiary level a number of treatments are available for early breast cancer. The patient will become part of a multidisciplinary team and the nurse specialist or consultant will discuss treatment plans with the patient ensuring that the patient is fully aware of what they are being told and that they understand. (Jefford 2002). Breast surgery is often the first treatment for patients with breast cancer and this must be carried out by surgeons with a special interest and training in breast disease (BASO 2009).The nurse plays a vital role in the patients surgical experience and her role is to ensure that the patient is comfortable, pain free and that encouragement is give to promote independence by advising the patient on wound care, maintaining food and nutritional status, mobility, hygiene and the psychological effect that might be experienced. Treatment given after surgery is known as adjuvant treatment and includes radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy and targeted (biological) therapy. Understanding the fundamental principles of radiation therapy enables the oncology nurse to provide support both physically and psychologically by offering advice on nutritional needs, areas that may be affected by the treatment, side effects, practical problems such as money difficulties and transportation to the treatment centre. The oncology nurse will also provide strategies to ensure family members and friends are supported. The delivery of chemotherapy is primarily the responsibility of the oncology nurse. The nurse must have sound knowledge of the pharmacology of the drugs used so that errors do not occur and that the patient is well informed of any possible side-effects. Patients can be very poorly because of the side-effects of chemotherapy so it essential that the oncology nurse gives the correct information to the patient and they should be informed and given guidance of who to contact if problems arise. The use of any adjuvant therapy is frightening for most women but nurses can offer practical advice, emotional and physical support and direction throughout the patients journey The nurse will arrange follow-up appointments for any on-going treatments, and they will discuss with the patient where they would like the follow-up to be undertaken (NICE 2009). As a healthcare professional, nurses are sometimes asked about a wide variety of complementary and alternative therapy as some 30% of women diagnosed with breast cancer visit a complementary therapist (Rees et al 2000). Nurses have a duty to be aware of the different types of therapies and in the aspect of health promotion they must be knowledgeable about safety issues, contra-indication and side effects before advising patients about alternative therapy. The nurse must always follow the NMC in working within ones own limits and using practice based evidence to support her actions (NMC 2008). Palliative care offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death. The palliative care nurse will provide relief from pain and she will offer advice on how to deal with symptoms for example vomiting, diarrhoea and fatigue by explaining to the patient how to rest, positioning when resting, how to use relaxation techniques, they will educate the patient about diet and nutrition and how this can help maintain health and well being. If the patient has oral problems then the nurse can advise the patient on alternative foods such as calorie packed drinks. The palliative care nurse will use her knowledge, skills and caring compassion to guide the patient and their family to the end stage of life by communicating with them effectively, supporting emotionally and physically, planning outcomes with the patient as patient choice over place of death should be a priority (NICE 2004), promoting advice on equipment, wound care whilst always focusing on autonomy, just ice and the spiritual needs of the patient. The NHS Breast Screening programme (DH 1988) was first set up and the role of the breast care nurse is invaluable to the patient in providing support for patients by advising the best options in terms of treatment, emotional and psychological support. The nurses are there as a familiar face for the patient and they will continue to be available for the patient for on going advice throughout treatment. The breast care nurse will offer best advice on diet, health and mental well being and she will give guidance and offer literature on issues relating to the patients illness. With the introduction of the NHS Cancer Plan (DH 2000), new funding for cancer services and cancer specialists became available. Nurses working in hospital and community settings help to detect cancer earlier by educating people about diet, health, exercise and raising public awareness by facilitating posters and leaflets around the health departments. Health clinics were set up where patients can attend for check ups, screening and other health related issues. The cancer Reform Strategy (2007) enhances nurses by implementing training initiatives so that nursing staff can become better educated in cancer care, they can spread good practice, have a better understanding of inequalities, have more face to face communication with patients. Nurses are able to promote health awareness and disseminate information down to the people whose health and mental well being matter e.g. advising patients about smoking cessation and raising awareness about other lifestyle factors that contribute to cancer. The Liverpool Care Pathway (LCP) is a framework which allows the caring team to plan care using specific goals, guideline-based interventions and a flow sheet that outlines an expected course of a patients care (Ellershaw 2002). The framework is patient focused so the nurse involved will document a plan of care required that includes comfort measures, anticipatory prescribing and discontinuation of inappropriate interventions. The nurse will work very closely with the patient and family and she will ensure that any religious, cultural or spiritual beliefs are adhered to. The Gold Standards Framework (Thomas 2003) was developed and was aimed at primary care teams including nurses and palliative care nurses to help patients live well until the end of life. It helps the team to focus on promoting the needs of patients, families and carers. The nurse can help to plan good death with the patient and the nurse can offer practical and emotional support which will help to maintain the health of the patient and their loved ones. The nurse will offer advice on claiming benefit and financial support as this may have a detrimental impact on family members, carers and their health if they are worried that they cannot cope financially. The nurse can share knowledge with the multidisciplinary team which will help to maximise patient benefit. (GSF 2006). Communication can be a barrier to effective health promotion especially if the individual cannot understand terminology used by the professional or English is not the first language. Effective communication is central to promoting high-quality care and barriers can be overcome by demonstrating active listening skills, talking to individuals in a manner that they can understand, showing supprt, maintaining realistic hope, taking time to talk to patients, being friendly, open and honest .Demonstrating good body language is also very important and this is one barrier that patients will detect very early on. Many departments and clinical settings now employ interpreters, which is beneficial to the patient whose first language is not English. The use of interpreters improves the quality of care for the patient (Dreger et al 2002). Leaflets containing information are also available in different language for the patient to access. Many individuals are unenlightened to their health needs and they may ignore preventative advice off health care professionals. This barrier can be overcome by educating people about health matters, by having health promotion posters, leaflets and information displayed in public places where people can access them without actually having to make an appointment to see a G.P or practice nurse (unless they want/need to). Lifestyle is a barrier to health promotion. Many people face inequalities such as poor diet, poor health and financial difficulties The Department of Healths healthy eating strategies such as 5 A Day and Change 4 Life have tried to change attitudes and raise awareness about the health benefits of eating fruit and vegetables by introducing it into schools, communication programmes e.g. 5 A Day logo, and ensuring that people can have adequate access to affordable, good quality fruit and vegetables within the local community. (DH 2003). Change4Life (DH 2009) can try to eradicate barriers by promoting healthy eating, having more exercise and living longer to young children with the added participation of other family members. The whole family can work together to initiate a healthy future. Transportation difficulties present barriers for many people as they may find it difficult to access G.P surgeries, health centres or the hospital if they do not have the means to get there. Also if the person has mobility difficulties, attending appointments could prove to be a challenge for them. To encounter this problem health care trusts have provided walk in centres, one stop shops and mobile health units( e.g. for mammogram screening) within communities which are easily accessible , open later and at the weekend. To conclude, it is evident from the information discussed in the assignment that early detection of breast cancer can significantly reduce mortality. The care and treatment of women (and men) with breast cancer has evolved greatly over the last few years and although there is no cure for metastatic breast cancer, evidence has shown that women are able to live longer withy the use of different treatments. Breast screening is very important and evidence shows that the earlier breast cancer is diagnosed and treated, the better the chance of successful treatment. The Governments campaigns such as Breast Awareness, 5 A DAY and ACTIVE 4 LIFE have enriched many peoples lives and by having more accessible clinics, walk in centres and mobile health units all contribute to a healthier, more active lifestyle. Many of the clinics are now nurse led and this has proved to provide a warm, caring and informative environment for patients that attend. Cancer provokes stress, anxiety, fear and anger in patients and nurses on the forefront can attempt to soften these fears by offering psychological and emotional support, guidance and empathy to patients. Caring for patients with breast cancer tests all aspects of holistic nursing care and by having all the necessary skills nurses can build a trusting, therapeutic relationship with the patient which will lessen some worries and anxieties for the patient. Communicating well, providing accurate information, listening and having time for the patient enhances the patient journey. It is essential that autonomy is respected regardless of culture, spiritual or ethnicity differences and that what ever treatment the patient requires is undertaken with the utmost sincerity whilst upholding maximum dignity and privacy for the patient. Lastly, end of life care is now firmly established as an important aspect of care delivery and it is an effective means of improving end-of-life care for all patients. The frameworks allow the patients to have a peaceful and meaningful end to their life.

Red Badge of Courage :: essays research papers

Red Badge of Courage Book Report The main point in The Red Badge of Courage is Henry Flemings fear about how he will do in his first skrimish in the Civil War. Henry was a young man who lived on a farm with his mother. He dreamed about what fighting in a war would be like, and dreamed of being a hero. He dreamed of the battles of war, and of what it would be like to fight in those glorious battles. His mother was wise and caring. She did not want him to go to war. She gave him hundreds of reasons on why he was needed on the farm and not in the war. He didn't want to stay in the farm and do nothing, so he enlisted in the miliatary. After joining he found himself, with nothing to do. He became friends with two other soldiers, John Wilson and Jim Conklin. John was an obnoxious soldier, but he becomes one of Henry's best friends. Jim was tall, he was a childhood friend of Henry's. They all were exiceted about going to war. They started marching. After a few days Henry realized that they were going around in circles. They just continued marching without a reason. During this time Henry starts to think differently about war. He becomes scared about running away from a battle. Lieutenant Hasbrouck, a young lieutenant of Henry's regiment was an extremely brave man. He, unlike the other officers, cared about and defended his troops performance, and made sure that they got the recognition they deserved. He was a true leader and Henry and John wanted to be just like him. After a while, they finally discover a battle taking place. Jim gives Henry a yellow envelope with a packet inside. He is sure that he will die, and says that this will be his first and last battle. The troops manage to hold off the rebels during the first attack, but the rebels came back again and again with more reinforcements driving the soldiers back. Henry becomes scared, confuse, and goes into a trance when he sees his forces backing down. He finally gets up and starts to run like a "chicken", who has lost the direction of safety. After he has run away he starts to think about his actions. At first he thinks of himself as a coward for running, and later he feels that he was just saving himself for later. He thinks nature does not want him to die, eventhough his side was losing. He believed he was intelligent to run, and

Motivation and Manipulation in Julius Caesar Essay -- William Shakespe

In Julius Caesar, Shakespeare illuminates the themes of human motivation and manipulation. He examines the relationship between actions and motivations, cause and effect, and word and deed, using the symbols of hands and hearts. Throughout the play, the characters Brutus and Marc Antony express their different understandings of this relationship rhetorically. In his 1953 film interpretation, Joseph L. Mankiewicz demonstrates these characters’ understanding through both the play’s original dialogue and his own interpolated action. It is interesting to see the different effects of spoken rhetoric, as we experience it in the play, and the visual rhetoric of the film. The play itself complicates matters of motivation and therefore does not answer the question of blame. When reading one character, the audience feels connected with their point of view, and when reading the other, they are made to feel unsure about their initial opinion. In the end, it is nearly impossible t o discover the characters’ inner motives, and it is therefore difficult to place blame on one or the other. However, Mankiewicz visually presents the complex relationship between these two symbols and in doing so, he creates a more sympathetic persona for Brutus than the one in the play. He focuses on the hands as a symbol of unity, love, and friendship, and where characters use hands for evil acts, he is quick to juxtapose the actions of hands from the motivations of the heart. While Shakespeare uses this juxtaposition to merely complicate the matter without solving it, Mankiewicz uses it to simplify the question. For Mankiewicz, Brutus’ involvement in the murder of Caesar, does not wholly reflect his character, and the audience is made to see a more human, vulne... ...wn in the play. In Brutus’ words, â€Å"Th’ abuse of greatness is when it disjoins remorse from power,† and in that instance, the film shows Antony’s abuse of authority (2.1.18-19). Because Antony believes that the hands’ actions and the heart’s motivations cannot be separated, his language demonstrates this belief, and he acts accordingly. While Brutus may act maliciously at times, he believes that hands and hearts are not always inextricably linked and therefore, that is especially true of his evil actions. Though Shakespeare may the leave the audience in doubt, Mankiewicz does not avoid blame and suggests that the exclusive joining of hands and hearts disjoins compassion from power and leads to true butchery. Works Cited Mankiewicz, Joseph L., dir. Julius Caesar. 1953. Film Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. New York: Barnes & Noble, 2007. Print.

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Uch a significant effect of the book on people's mental health, however, Is of much older ancestry. It is said, that already in ancient Greece amongst others Aristotle regarded literature as drugs for the soul. During the 1200s, it was read even from the Quran to patients In the hospital In Cairo A1-Mansur, as part of the treatment. The first doctoral dissertation in bibliotherapy was written in 1949 by the American Caroline Shrodes.There are clear links from psychotherapy to bibliotherapy, but ibliotherapy bottoms in other theories. Shrodes also expresses the same three phases in the bibliotherapeutic process: identification, catharsis, and insight. Readers Identify, recognize themselves in the text, and live Into It so they can look at their own life from a different perspective. The reading may thus have positive and liberating emotional impact on the individual concerned.The clinical bibliotherapy focuses on therapeutic and healing effect on reading and onversation. Here collabor ating librarian with a doctor who monitors and controls his work. Today bibliotherapy is used in a hospital, where the long-term patients can borrow books in a hospital library. The patients can be In groups or alone for discussing with a librarian or therapist the works they read, and the feelings and thoughts that the reading evoked.Even counselors, doctors, and social workers can utilize literature as herapy or aids together with their patients. Bibliographic therapeutic methods can be used both in the social and health services as well as Integrated In occupational health and tutorials, but also among various leisure activities. College students eager to write a successful research proposal on the topic may want to use free sample research paper on bibliotherapy, which are able to help you understand the set of rules of scientific article writing.

Coloplast a/S †Organizational Challenges in Offshoring

COLOPLAST A/S – ORGANIZATIONAL CHALLENGES IN OFFSHORING Coloplast one of today’s leading suppliers for medical devices and associated services, was established in 1957 in Denmark. The company operates in 5 business areas: ostomy, urology (continence care), wound care, skin health and â€Å"Amoena†, for external breast forms. In 2004, 92. 5% of the total group profit derived from the chronic care divisions ostomy and continence care, which have very stable product lines.However, as a part of the company’s 2008 strategy consideration revenues were supposed to be ensued by a total of 20% of products established within the past 4 years, dating no further back than 2004. Coloplast is one of the companies that were born globally. In the year of its foundation already every second ostomy bad was being exported, by 2005 97% of its revenue was generated outside of Denmark. Until 2001, the company had six major production facilities within Denmark.In 1999, the manag ement level, for the first time, took a closer look at the idea of offshoring its production to a low-cost location. During the following thorough evaluation period the organization carried out extensive feasibility studies and interview Danish companies, which had already offshored to one of the locations in question. The evaluation committee undertook field trips to Poland, Ireland, Czech Republic and Hungary. Eventually, it had been decided to offshore to Hungary.Coloplast’s managers where aware of the language barrier on the Hungarian side as well as the social impact problems due to the redeployment of Danish employees, hence they took precautions to avoid work stoppages; they introduced an open and honest communication policy. The substantial one-off costs could be minimized by transfer or reassignment of employees in combination with the usage of voluntary attrition and early retirement. However, the offshoring process uncovered and amplified the weaknesses of the dece ntralized organization.The management realized in order to effectively transfer the knowledge to Hungary they had to introduce standardization into their production process. The company’s internal organization had to be changed very fundamentally. Offshoring to Hungary was a great success and the company gained considerable knowledge. Estimates forecasted an annual growth rate of 10% leading to a doubled production in 2010, which would require 50% more staff and space. Despite the fact that the Hungary project went very ell, management acknowledge that they had missed out on a few great opportunities concerning for example local sourcing, because the offshoring organization had consumed most of the managerial capacities. The main question for Rasmussen was now: â€Å"Should the internal organizational issues be tackled fist and the offshoring to China initiated later, or is the knowledge they have gained and the guideline they have derived from the last offshoring project en ough to proceed immediately without the risk of overseeing important issues again?

Improve communication Essay

The reason why Carly didn’t come to me earlier to report the project delays was because she knew the reasons of the delay were not genuine. She was definitely part of the problem and therefore she didn’t have the language of reporting the conflict that was affecting the team project. Also, since the rest of the team knew her weakness she knew if she reported the case to me I would involve the rest of the members thus exposing her weaknesses. Carly hasn’t had a conversation with Morris about their differences despite being the supervisor since she was aware of the root cause of the problem (herself). On the other hand, Morris did not break the ice and discuss the problem with Carly because he assumed that it was Carly’s responsibility as the manager to approach and solve all differences. Furthermore, it was clear to him too of Carly’s participation in the problem. He had also been treated unfairly by Carly and this made it difficult for him to approach Carly. Coupled with the fact that Morris was more educated than Carly, pride could not be ruled out. If Morris had had a conversation with Carly, he would have mentioned about his unfair treatment to her. I tend to think since the other team members knew that Carly was treating him unfairly, this would have been his motivator to mention of this problem. He knew he had support from the entire team. As for Carly, I bet she would have owned up to this problem and promise Morris of a fair treatment in their future interactions. After such a conversation she would have realized that she was losing a key team member and the other team members had observed it previously which would also affect the whole team thus portraying her as an incompetent manager. For Carly to have been given this role of a project manager meant she had positive leadership qualities and therefore would have owned up to her failures. Failure to accept her mistake would have left her as a lone ranger thus breaking the team spirit. The biggest problem with the way these team members interacted lied on communication breakdown and barriers. This is because it’s clear the other team member had noticed the dispute but no one had shared about it with me or even asked Carly or Morris. Teamwork was minimal in this team and this would have affected this project very adversely if not handled well and quickly. To break this communication barrier and improve communication, it would be beneficial for the team to encourage more frequent and effective upward, downward and team communication. With more communication, any arising problem would be handled well in advance before affecting the project negatively. I think Carly should continue serving as the project manager. This because having discussed the dispute openly, the parties would have understood the facts of the problem and hence allow them to see their areas of agreement, thus turning the conflict into new ideas of enhancing teamwork in the project.

Relations Between Globalization and Migration Essay

Relations Between Globalization and Migration - Essay Example The research project will collect data from the secondary sources and analyze the data according in order to come up with a conclusion. Globalization is referred to as the increasing integration and interaction of countries which has seen the decreasing significance of national borders. It is an economic, cultural, political, and environmental integration but there has been more focus on the economic integrations. Globalization and migration have been shown to be two of the most dynamic global socio-political trends in the present world. They are both highly interacted in the sense that one drives the other. Globalization has been shown to have an effect on the current migration situation in the world and has created conditions and situations which are increasing the pressure and creating a desire for migration. It is estimated that there are about 150 million people who live outside their containers in the world and how have been forced out of their homes due to economic consequences that have been created by the globalised economy. It has been shown that as s result of the increase rate for migration, there has be en pressure that has been exerted on some areas which are thought to have economic viability as compared to others. There has been an effected on the agrarian and the industrial system of the world as labor migrates in and out of the productive areas. (Benarl 2000, p. 67) Introduction The Caribbean Region is located in America. It is made up of many small states which are independent. It has a similar climate in all the states which makes it agricultural practices to be the same. The Caribbean region is made up of different states including Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominion, Cuba, Costa Rica, Haiti, Nicaragua, and others. One of the common features of the Caribbean region has been uniformity in crop production where the climate favors the production of bananas and sugar. The two crops are a common future of the region. (Australian Government, 2008; CIDA, 2008) Globalization is the growth of economic integration of various societies in the word and the process has touched all the spheres of life including the Caribbean region. The agricultural sector of the Caribbean region has been affected by the growth wave of globalization. The primary product of the region which is bananas and sugar have been the two important export crops for the region and the leading earners of foreign exchange for the region. The sectors have also provided a lot of employment for the region. The increasing globalized world has led to a lot of challenges in the two key crops. The challenges have been due to the Lome Convention that was signed in 2000. The Lome convention first signed in 1975 gives preferential prices for the entire agricultural product from the ACP countries that are exposing to the EU. Globalization manifested in the Caribbean agricultural region in two ways. First there was removal for farm subsided and second there was liberalization of the impor t regime. Therefore the wave of globalization has been impacting negative in the region given there disadvantaged position due to their limited size and due to the depreciation of their currencies. Therefore the Lome convention was made in order to give those times to organize their agricultural secto

Write four articles based on four press releases Assignment

Write four articles based on four press releases - Assignment Example All around the globe, air travel security, was changed to curb terrorism, world leaders and many other citizens paused to reflect the events to commemorate the victims of the al-Qaeda. At around 8:46 am E.T there was a moment of silence for 17 minutes, they are the exact time when the air lines flight 11 and airlines 175 were hijacked by nine men conspired in al-Qaeda plot which slammed twin towers. Retired police department of New York still remembers his wife and his fellow officers, the only female who died at the twin towers. She was on duty several kilometers away, when she heard a jet slammed into the world business center before she went to assist the south tower collapsed, and she killed. It is a reminder that menace still remains 10 years after thousands of people were killed, and four months after their leader were killed by the US special force. The article was from the CBC world news which reminds the Americans about a day they will live to remember. A trusted courier to bin laden, who had been followed by the American spies, was finally located in a residential area 35 mile to the north of Pakistani capital. The property was so large and secure making US officials doubt whether it was built for just a courier. This was followed by eight months of serious intelligence works that lead to a helicopter assault that saw the death of bin laden on a Sunday. American officials have it that he was shot in the head and that one of his sons died with him (Michael, 2007). This operation had been an American army highest priority operation. The CIA monitored the operations on a 12-foot-high mansion valued at $1 million with neither an internet connection nor a telephone line. The CIA believed that this building was specially built, in 2005, to hide bin laden. Mr. Obama hold various security meeting before the final plans were put in place. The Pakistani government was not involved as they had previously denied claims that Osama

Managing in public and private sector Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing in public and private sector - Essay Example It is imperative to relate the inherent differences and similarities between private and public sectors based on their primary objectives as aforementioned. The paper explores similarities and differences in strategic management between the private and public sector. There are significant strategic administrative similarities between the public sector and private sector. It is imperative that both the sectors greatly relies on common business administration techniques including planning, budgeting, organization, delegation, and control in conducting daily activities. The aforementioned administration techniques are imperious for all business entities and consequently, both private and public sectors have to apply them in strategic management. For instance, budgeting for business involvement in specific functions remains as a vital activity in both public and private management activities. Both the sectors require budgeting techniques to ensure minimal use of resources and exploitation of business finances. Furthermore, both the public and private sectors require use of planning techniques in remaining relevant to market trends and developments. Planning is an imperious activity for all business entities and managers who aim at success and achiev ement of organizations goals. In addition, planning is of central importance for strategic managers who aim at overcoming competition in the market. Apparently, both the private and public sectors require comprehensive planning techniques in strategic management to enable them achieve their objectives (Desmarais & Abord de Chatillon, 2010). Corporate social responsibility relates to business organizations’ involvement in non-profit activities within the society. Majority of organizations engages in corporate social responsibility to enable them create a good public image within the community that they operate. It is the responsibility of a business entity to attract interest from the public

Researching Web 2.0 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Researching Web 2.0 - Essay Example It is a mind-set, not a hi-tech: An acceptance that Web 2.0 is not principally regarding a set of principles or apps, but a novel mindset to how the internet may be employed. Secondly it is a network upshot: This defines apps which are more efficient as the numbers of consumers increase. This outcome is renowned in computer set of connections, with the Web offering an illustration of how network jam may be more flexible as the numbers of tools on the Internet increases. Thirdly, it is a long tail: As the levels of subscribers of the Web increases, this may create business chances for niche marketplaces which formerly it might not have been lucrative to reach. It also includes small pieces, loosely related: As the scientific communications of the Web becomes stable, it becomes achievable to incorporate small apps. This allows services to be Data overload. In excess of information is day after day posted by numerous citizens with diverse notion. This creates disorder for the readers as well as the excellence of the content is not consistent. Today’s learners have been bought up with digital hi-techs at their fingertips. For this age band, utilizing Web 2.0 hi-tech at school may make education a lively rather than inactive medium, which improves the education process. With Web 2.0 hi-techs students may work together with others, make projects, converse the results to an actual audience, and obtain valuable response. Web 2.0 hi-tech may increase teaching opportunities and excellently equip learners with the 21st-century expertise essential for their future (Web 2.0, 2014). The company’s latest earnings shock helped to lift the share subsequent to numerous unsatisfactory reports during the past decade had sustained to discourage investors. Following up its concrete quarter with an additional round of products earnings would be tremendously motivating, and higher expenditure levels might be simply the ticket.