Pre-fabrication Technology and Conventional Construction

Pre-fabrication engine room and Conventional Construction1.1 IntroductionConstruction industry plays an main(prenominal) role in Malaysias economy. on that pointfore, it is important to introduce more than come about or new technologies from overseas to our country in order to growth the economy. Pre-fabrication applied science is a new body grammatical wind method acting in construction industry. This engineering has been widely used in many countries due to many pros it has over the traditional construction methods, which is cast unmoved method.Pre-fabrication is the collecting components making in a factory or manufacturing before deliver those components to the construction site. After stainless the selected components on factory or manufacturing, those components will deport to the construction site where the structure is to be located. On the other hand, for conventional construction method, which is cast in-situ, is transporting those selected materials like cement, sand, aggregate, brick, etc from factory or manufacturing to the construction site. Then the conclave only will bring out on site after those materials make believe delivered to site.Industrialised Building System (hereinafter referred to as IBS) is a technique of construction, which introduced by Construction Industry emergence Board (hereinafter referred to as CIDB) was succeed and applied the pre-fabricated technology into the construction industry in Malaysia. IBS is define as a construction system in which components be manufactured in a factory, on or off site, positioned and assembled into structure with minimal additional site work (CIDB, 2003).The initiative IBS project was a 7 blocks of 17 storeys flats, which involved 3000 units of low-cost flat and 40 units of shop lot along Jalan Pekeliling in the late 1960s. In addition, there have nigh of the projects been cheerful completed by used of IBS components such as campus building, apartment, residential, office, h ospital, etc.1.2 Problem StatementPre-fabrication technology has become more and more famous and popular in Malaysias construction industry recently. This is due to the technology has many benefits over the traditional construction methods which is cast in-situ technology. However, it also contains some weaknesses for pre-fabrication technology. For example, the transportation costs may be very expensive to deliver the complete components to the construction site. Not only that, the maintenance cost and repairing cost is higher(prenominal) depend to the cast in-situ method. Therefore, for long term buildings are not suitable to construct by using pre-fabrication technology.1.3 AimThe aim of this investigate is to par the construction fixity for characteristic wall chemical element between pre-fabrication technology and conventional construction method, which is cast in-situ.1.4 ObjectivesTo define Industrialised Building System (IBS)There have some of the projects been fit com pleted by IBS of using pre-fabricated components such as campus building, apartment, residential, office, hospital, etc.To compare the advantages and disadvantages of using pre-fabrication technology and cast in-situ in construction industryAlthough pre-fabrication fuel save more construction costs and decrease construction result, but the demand of using this technology are passive very low in Malaysia.To compare the construction speed by using pre-fabrication technology and cast in-situ in typical wall elementIn practically, the construction period of a project can take few years to complete. By using pre-fabrication technology, the construction period can be decrease, which compare with traditional construction method.1.5 HypothesisBy using pre-fabrication technology is cheaper and efficiency than traditional method, which is cast in-situ technology.1.6 Research MethodologyThere have three different types of research studies relating to the pre-fabrication and cast in-situ tec hnology have carried out to fulfill this dissertation. They are literature look backward, questionnaire and case theme.1.6.1 Literature ReviewThe study undertakes a comprehensive review of the relevant literature on the subject of pre-fabrication and cast in-situ technology. The resources for literature are from books, magazines, journal and articles, which available from library and cyberspace research.1.6.2 QuestionnaireThis stage involved preparing and displace out the questionnaire to number of Construction Company in Malaysia. The questions are mainly asking about the actual construction speed by using pre-fabrication technology in Malaysia.1.6.3 Case StudyFew case studies for pre-fabrication technology in Malaysia will be carrying out for this research, either in supplier and/or in construction. Through these case studies, the problems, benefits and cost for pre-fabrication technology in actual construction industry can defined.1.7 Scope of StudyThe field of study for thi s research include to define the background of the IBS system as well as the previous projects done by IBS system with satisfied completed in Malaysia. Besides, research on the advantages and disadvantages of the pre-fabrication and cast in-situ methods. In addition, it will cover the construction speed for actual construction projects, mainly in Malaysia.Pre-fabrication Technology and Conventional ConstructionPre-fabrication Technology and Conventional Construction1.1 IntroductionConstruction industry plays an important role in Malaysias economy. Therefore, it is important to introduce more advance or new technologies from overseas to our country in order to growth the economy. Pre-fabrication technology is a new construction method in construction industry. This technology has been widely used in many countries due to many pros it has over the traditional construction methods, which is cast in-situ method.Pre-fabrication is the assembling components making in a factory or manufact uring before deliver those components to the construction site. After completed the selected components on factory or manufacturing, those components will transport to the construction site where the structure is to be located. On the other hand, for conventional construction method, which is cast in-situ, is transporting those selected materials like cement, sand, aggregate, brick, etc from factory or manufacturing to the construction site. Then the assembly only will carry out on site after those materials have delivered to site.Industrialised Building System (hereinafter referred to as IBS) is a technique of construction, which introduced by Construction Industry Development Board (hereinafter referred to as CIDB) was succeed and applied the pre-fabricated technology into the construction industry in Malaysia. IBS is define as a construction system in which components are manufactured in a factory, on or off site, positioned and assembled into structure with minimal additional si te work (CIDB, 2003).The first IBS project was a 7 blocks of 17 storeys flats, which involved 3000 units of low-cost flat and 40 units of shop lot along Jalan Pekeliling in the late 1960s. In addition, there have some of the projects been satisfied completed by used of IBS components such as campus building, apartment, residential, office, hospital, etc.1.2 Problem StatementPre-fabrication technology has become more and more famous and popular in Malaysias construction industry recently. This is due to the technology has many benefits over the traditional construction methods which is cast in-situ technology. However, it also contains some weaknesses for pre-fabrication technology. For example, the transportation costs may be very expensive to deliver the complete components to the construction site. Not only that, the maintenance cost and repairing cost is higher depend to the cast in-situ method. Therefore, for long term buildings are not suitable to construct by using pre-fabrica tion technology.1.3 AimThe aim of this research is to compare the construction speed for typical wall element between pre-fabrication technology and conventional construction method, which is cast in-situ.1.4 ObjectivesTo define Industrialised Building System (IBS)There have some of the projects been satisfied completed by IBS of using pre-fabricated components such as campus building, apartment, residential, office, hospital, etc.To compare the advantages and disadvantages of using pre-fabrication technology and cast in-situ in construction industryAlthough pre-fabrication can save more construction costs and decrease construction period, but the demand of using this technology are still very low in Malaysia.To compare the construction speed by using pre-fabrication technology and cast in-situ in typical wall elementIn practically, the construction period of a project can take few years to complete. By using pre-fabrication technology, the construction period can be decrease, which compare with traditional construction method.1.5 HypothesisBy using pre-fabrication technology is cheaper and efficiency than traditional method, which is cast in-situ technology.1.6 Research MethodologyThere have three different types of research studies relating to the pre-fabrication and cast in-situ technology have carried out to fulfill this dissertation. They are literature review, questionnaire and case study.1.6.1 Literature ReviewThe study undertakes a comprehensive review of the relevant literature on the subject of pre-fabrication and cast in-situ technology. The resources for literature are from books, magazines, journal and articles, which available from library and internet research.1.6.2 QuestionnaireThis stage involved preparing and sending out the questionnaire to number of Construction Company in Malaysia. The questions are mainly asking about the actual construction speed by using pre-fabrication technology in Malaysia.1.6.3 Case StudyFew case studies for pre-fab rication technology in Malaysia will be carrying out for this research, either in supplier and/or in construction. Through these case studies, the problems, benefits and cost for pre-fabrication technology in actual construction industry can defined.1.7 Scope of StudyThe scope of study for this research included to define the background of the IBS system as well as the previous projects done by IBS system with satisfied completed in Malaysia. Besides, research on the advantages and disadvantages of the pre-fabrication and cast in-situ methods. In addition, it will cover the construction speed for actual construction projects, mainly in Malaysia.

Problem Solving and Decision Making Strategies

Problem Solving and Decision Making StrategiesBackgroundProblem solving and decision-making argon key skills for task and life. Problem solving often involves decision-making, and decision-making is especially beta for circumspection and leadership. There are processes and techniques to improve decision-making and the role of decisions. Decision-making is more(prenominal)(prenominal) natural to certain personalities, so these hoi polloi should centre more on improving the quality of their decisions. People that are less natural decision- micturaters are often suitable to make quality assessments, but then direct to be more decisive in acting upon the assessments made. Problem solving and decision-making are closely linked, and each begs creativity in identifying and developing options, for which the brainstorming technique, as this thesis is particularly exampleful.Collection of info and findings of RH carsThere are two types of info collection methods they are parti cular data collection and secondary data collection.Primary Data Collection Primary data collection stern be deemed as bespoke and and then time consuming and costly.Secondary Collection Data Secondary data include general reports supplied to an enterprise by various data services. Such reports expertness concern mart share, retail stock list levels and consumer buying behaviour.The data collection for all car manufacturer can be accustom questionnaires to collect data in conjunction with published sources such as annual reports, price lists, and actual sales records. For cost reasons it could non conduct observations of on the-job application, interviews, or focus convocations. Instead, rather ascertained the key metrics that would drive line of business impact (number of units sold and margin per unit realized) from the questionnaire and then validated the metrics with actual figures sustain by the client.One key survey is the monthly Customer Satisfaction Index, tracke d by RH Financial, which directly measures end customer satisfaction regarding the financial services obtained in the franchise. These post the management team with data. The actions that charter to be taken to drive these metrics the right way are sometimes more elusive in an industry that has very little customer contact once an account is set up.Survey methodology and frame employA systematic method for gathering info from (a sample of) individuals for the purposes of describing the attributes of the larger population of which the individuals are members. The attributes attempt to describe basic characteristics or experiences of large and small populations in our world.RH survey featuresInformation is gathered by asking customer questions.Information is collected each by having interviewers ask questions and record answers or by having people read or hear questions and record their answers.Information is collected from only a subset of the population to be described (a samp le)rather than from all members.Surveys are used extensively in car manufacturer industry to assess attitudes and characteristics of a wide range of cars and too new representativelings. When tuition is obtained, or data is measured, the method, or process used to gather information, greatly affects the contributes. The extreme complaints might not represent the attitudes of the whole group. Similarly, measuring or counting data depends on the putz or method used. The basing judgments on customer complaints alone ignored the general population of other opinions, which should be judged together, such as in a statistical sample of the whole statistics.A questionnaire for a particular purposePlease select which best represents your views.1. Overall satisfaction All things considered, please rate your boilers suit satisfaction with1a RH Credit totally cheerful actually contented fairly pleasant around dissatisfied truly dissatisfied1b Your selling dealershipCompletely squelc hed truly SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied1c Your vehicleCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied2. Ab break your finance/lease contract Please rate your satisfaction with2a Finance/ exact transaction overallCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied2b Ease of obtaining financingCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied2c Speed of approval for financingCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied2d Explanation of financing terms and conditions at the dealershipCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied2e Ease of understanding the content of your finance contractCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied2f Timeliness of receiving your Welcome Pack/your contractCompletely Satisfied Very SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied2g Accuracy of documents we sentCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied3. Contact with RH Credit3a Have you contacted RHCredit with a question or business related to your contractYesNo3b Your contact experience with RHCreditCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfiedThinking about the case you dealt with, how satisfied are you with the3c Ease of making contact with the right person/employee to answer your question or resolve your problemCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied3d Courtesy of the representativeCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied3e Responsiveness of the representativeCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied3f Representatives ability to answer your question excl usively and accurately3h Representatives follow-through on promised actionsCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfiedThinking about your most recent contact3g How many times did you contact RHCredit before your question or problem was resolvedCompletely SatisfiedVery SatisfiedFairly SatisfiedSomewhat dissatisfiedVery dissatisfied4. Future intentions Based on your experience, would you4a advocate RHCredit to a friend or family memberDefinitely WouldProbably WouldMight or might notProbably would notDefinitely would not4b press your selling dealershipDefinitely WouldProbably WouldMight or might notProbably would notDefinitely would not4c Recommend your make/model of vehicleDefinitely WouldProbably WouldMight or might notProbably would notDefinitely would notSummarizing data using representative values, and use the resolutions to draw valid and useful conclusions for RH Cars.The root-cause analysis helped RH to identify key factors that tend to lengthen decision cycles. They included inadequate training in the clear communications of alternatives, absence of a good model of teamwork, and a hold-oriented management philosophy. Decision-making increasingly happens at all levels of a business. The Board of Directors may make the grand strategic decisions about enthronisation and direction of future growth, and managers may make the more tactical decisions about how their own department may land most effectively to the overall business objectives. But quite ordinary employees are increasingly expected to make decisions about the conduct of their own tasks, responses to customers and onward motions to business practice. This needs careful recruitment and selection, good training, and enlightened management.Types of Business DecisionsProgrammed Decisions can be written down into a series of fixed steps which anyone can follow. They could even be written as figurer programNon-Programmed Decisions. These are non-standa rd and non-routine. Each decision is not quite the same as any front decision.Strategic Decisions. These affect whether to take over Company A or Company BTactical Decisions. These are medium-term decisions about what kind of marketing to dedicate, or how many extra staff to recruitOperational Decisions. These are short-term decisions, about which firm to use to make deliveries.Analyse data using measures of dispersion, and use to inform RH cars.A proper description of a set of data should include both of these characteristics. There are various methods that can be used to measure the dispersion of a dataset, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. These statistics describe how the data varies or is dispersed (spread out). The two most commonly used measures of dispersion are the range and the standard recreation. Rather than showing how data are similar, they show how data differs (its variation, spread, or dispersion). The reflect of dispersion is very important in statistical data. If in a certain car Manufacturer Company like RH there is consistence in the wages of workers, the workers result be satisfied. But if some workers shoot high wages and some have low wages, there will be unrest among the low compensable workers and they might go on strikes and arrange demonstrations. It is reasonable to expect greater dispersion of wage increases to be associated with higher monetary incentives, but besides with change magnitude perceptions of unfairness. The authors analysis of linked employer-employee data from Denmark for the years 1992-97 shows that the dispersion of wage growth within firms generally had a negative association with firm performance. The results are vigorous across industries and categories of firm size, but are mainly driven by white-collar rather than blue-collar workers.Quartiles, percentiles, correlation coefficientQuartiles One of the three numbers (values) that disassociate a range of data into four equal parts . The first quartile (also called lower quartile) is the number to a lower place which lies the 25 percent of the bottom data. The second quartile (the median) divides the range in the middle and has 50 percent of the data below it. The third quartile (also called upper quartile) has 75 percent of the data below it and the top 25 percent of the data above it. See also interquartile range and percentile.Percentile A score equal to or greater than 97 percent of those attained on an test is said to be in the 97th percentile. Percentiles are values that divide a set of observations into 100 equal parts. The percentile rank is the proportion of values in a distribution that a specific value is greater than or equal to. For example, if an individual received a mark of 95% on a math test and that mark was greater than or equal to the marks of 88% of students then that mark would place that individual in the 88th percentile.Correlation coefficient A measure that determines the degree to w hich two variables movements are associated. Statistical measure of the degree to which the movements of two variables are related. n statistics, a measurement of the degree to which two things take off together. The maximum value for a correlation coefficient is 1.00, which occurs when two variables have a perfect positive correlation. A negative correlation coefficient indicates two variables that have an confirming relationship.3.1 A range of graphs using spreadsheets line, pie, bar chartsThe chase figure shows the auto sales in July 2009Car cost can be divided into following major factorsBelow is a graph of about lease is probably the way to go at cars. Get in for a couple or three years while the car is new (i.e. is at the most reliable part of its lifespan), then get out.Problems of cars on the road is given below3.2 Spreadsheet graphs to assist in forecasting for specified businessinformationHalf of the respondents in a European survey listed fuel consumption as a priorit y when buying a new car. The survey was performed in March and April 2007 and included respondents from twelve European countries. Safety, price and reliability were named by more than one-half of the respondents as a priority.Priorities when buying a new carQ Which are your priorities when buying a new car?Share of EuropeanRespondentsSafety73.1% set63.7%Reliability57.8%Fuel Consumption49.7%Comfort36.9%Design18.3%Size17.9%Exhaust Gas15.6%Color3.4%.Surveys are constructed also to find out the target audition needs of the car such as luggage space, passenger seats, also size of the car. These are some interesting things that I picked up during the people study done through interviews and surveysThe highest priority of people is Cost and Efficiency. This is shown in the graph I generated according to the results of the surveys. 30.44% of the answers I received out of the 40 people who make full the surveys are related to cost and efficiency. 13.77% of the answers are actually stating the customers are happy with their cars efficiency.However on the other hand, 16.67% of the answers state the opposite. The main complaints of people who have cost issues with their cars are The petrol is costing too much. The car requires servicing quite often and the cost of the service is expensive. The car parts are expensive when you need to replace them. On top of all those costs, they still need to pay for car insurance and registration.The second highest priority is the Exterior of the car. The answers shown in the survey discover to a conclusion that More people are moving to small and more compact vehicles and they actually like the fact that their cars are compact. A some people actually want small cars because of the fact that they are easier to drive and park. This is a very interesting point because not only small cars are easier to drive and park but they also reduce congestion on the road. Less congestion means less traffic and also more park space. Some people ar e happy with how their car looks but they do not really like the fact that the car gets dirty. This shows that quite a sess of people do not enjoy washing their cars and this could mean two things. First, the people actually do not see the interaction with their cars as an gratifying activity and they see their cars just as a utility to take them from A to B. Second, It could also mean that they enjoy the interaction but they do not have the time to do the car washing cod to their other priorities. Whichever reason, the interaction of people and cars should be more enjoyable to make more people want to buy a certain car.Preparing a formal business reportRH has instituted a number of business practices with suppliers designed to increase collaboration, leave behind for data transparency and expand the chroma of business with select suppliers, while building a more sustainable business model. They have also been able to reduce the total number of production suppliers eligible for major sourcing from RH from 3,300 to approximately 1,600 suppliers today, with a further reduction to 750 suppliers planned. We have paid specific heed to strengthening their minority and women suppliers which currently account for about $4 billion of their annual $35 billion of purchases from U.S. supplier locations. Our consolidation efforts have resulted, and will result, in more business for our major suppliers, which will increase their financial strength.Moreover, as RH moves aggressively to global vehicle platforms, sourcing to common suppliers for the total global volume of a vehicles components is dramatically increasing, meaning that a small number of suppliers will receive a greater volume of the purchases made by RH to have got our global vehicle platform. RHs dealers are a source of strength, especially our rural/small town dealers, who represent the face of RH in communities across the U.S. and provide employment, tax support, community leadership and customer ser vice. At their current and expected future market share, they clearly have too many dealers and therefore have made it increasingly difficult to sustain a healthy and profitable dealer electronic network. To address this overcapacity, RH is partnering with our dealers and are downsizing and restructuring the RH, Lincoln and Mercury network in our largest 130 metropolitan market areas to provide targeted average-year sales for RH dealers at 1,500+ units and Lincoln Mercury dealers at 600+ units, resulting in sustainable profits in both good and bad years. We are doing this while maintaining customer convenience factors such as driving distance, location, and appealing facilities. We have joined with our dealers to fund these consolidation actions jointly to protect our representation in the marketplace.To further reduce costs, RH recently made several significant changes to our Compensation and Benefit plans, including (i) eliminating merit increases and bonuses due to be paid in 20 09 (ii) suspending the Companys 401(k) matching contribution, and Company-paid tuition assistance and dependent scholarships (iii) capping retiree life insurance at $25,000 and (iv) improving the costeffectiveness of benefit programs through more efficient plan offerings and increased employee cost sharing. With respect to the hourly work force in the United States, RH and the UAW agreed to a transformational labor bargain in 2007, the benefits of which are only beginning to be realized. Under this agreement, our hourly labor cost disadvantage compared to the trans comprises will be substantially reduced, although not completely eliminated. These labor costs savings should begin to materialize as they have the opportunity to bring workers into the workforce at the new wage levelsProduct goodness through leadership in fuel economy, innovation, quality,safety, and jumper lead edge comfort and convenience technology Substantial and continuous improvement in engineering and investmen t efficiency facilitated by leveraging the global assets of One RH and a reduction in the number of vehicle platforms, engines, transmissions, and customer offered complexity and Significant improvement in the profitability of small cars. Balanced Portfolio. They are leveraging our global product strengths to deliver six new world-class small and medium size vehicles to the United States over the next four years. This will enable our car and crossover product segment mix to increase from 48% to 60% and result in volume and share growth. They are targeting sales leadership in people movers and crossovers through addition of new vehicles (such as the RH Flex) and redefining existing vehicles (such as the RH Explorer).Management information systems and information processing tools for operational, tactical and strategic levels of the organizationThe Concept of management information systems originated in the 1960s and become the byword of almost all attempts to relate calculating ma chine technology and systems to data processing in business. During the early 1960s, it became evident that the computer was being applied to the solution of business problem in a piecemeal fashion, focusing almost entirely on the computerization of clerical and record keeping tasks. The concepts of management information systems were substantial to counteract such in efficient development and in effective use of the computer.An organization must control the operations in the light of the plans and targets veritable in the prep process. The car manufacturer must k outright if manufacturing operations are in line with the targets and if not, he must make decisions to correct the deviation or revise his plans. Similarly the wholesaler will want to know the impacts that his commissions have had on sales and make decisions to correct adverse trends. The municipal bay window will need to control the tendering process and contractors who will exe completee the pumping station plans.G enerally, MIS is concerned with planning and control. Often there are elaborate systems for information that assists operations. For example, the car manufacturer will have a system for providing information to the workers on the shop floor about the job that needs to be done on a particular batch of material. There may be route sheets, which accompany the rate materials and components in their movement through various machines. This system per se provides only information to support operation. It has no managerial decision-making significance.Generally MIS has all the ingredients that are employed in providing information support to manager to making planning and control decisions. Managers often use historical data on an organizations activities as well as current status data make planning and control decisions. Such data comes from a database, which is contained in files maintained by the organization. This database is an essential component of an MIS. Manual procedures that are used to collect and process information and computer hardware are diaphanous ingredients of an MIS. These also form part of the MIS. In summary, when we say that an MIS is an integrated man machine systems that provided information to supports the planning and control place of managers in an origination. It does the following function.Sub serves managerial functionCollects stores, evaluates information systematically and routinelySupports planning and control decisionsIncludes files, hardware, software, software and operations research models.Effective management information systems are needed by all business organization because of the increased complexity and rate of change of todays business environment. For Example, Marketing manager need information about sales performance and trends, financial manger returns, production managers needs information analysing resources requirement and worker productivity and personnel manager require information concerning employee compensati on and professional development. Thus, effective management information systems must be genuine to provide modern managers with the specific marketing, financial, production and personnel information products they required to support their decision making responsibilities.Iinventory control systems in OrganisationAn inventory control system is a set of hardware and software ground tools that automate the process of tracking inventory. The kinds of inventory tracked with an inventory control system can include almost any type of quantifiable good, including food, clothing, books, equipment, and any other item that consumers, retailers, or wholesalers may purchase. Modern inventory control systems are almost exclusively based on barcode technology. Though barcodes were initially developed to automate the process of grocery store checkout, their ability to encode a wide variety of alphabetic and numeric symbols makes them ideal for encoding merchandise for inventory applications. Inv entory control systems work in real time using wireless technology to transmit information to a central computer system as transactions occur.Inventory control systems are employed in a wide variety of applications, but they all revolve around tracking economy of goods to customers. Inventory control is crucial in retail stores, especially those with a large number or variety of merchandise items for sale. Inventory control is also used in warehouses to track orders and shipments, and for automated order processing. Other important applications of inventory control systems are in manufacturing, shipping, and receiving.Inventory control is important to turn back quality control in businesses that handle transactions revolving around consumer goods. Without proper inventory control, a large retail store may run out of stock on an important item. A good inventory control system will alert the retailer when it is time to reorder. Inventory control is also an important means of automat ically tracking large shipments. For example, if a business orders ten pairs of socks for retail resale, but only receives nine pairs, this will be obvious upon inspecting the contents of the package, and error is not likely. On the other hand, say a wholesaler orders 100,000 pairs of socks and 10,000 are missing. Manually counting each pair of socks is likely to result in error. An automated inventory control system helps to minimize the risk of error. In retail stores, an inventory control system also helps track thievery of retail merchandise, providing valuable information about store profits and the need for theft-prevention systems.Automated inventory control systems work by scanning a barcode either on the item. A scanner is used to read the barcode, and the machine reads the information encoded by the barcode. This information is then tracked by a central computer system. For example, a purchase order may contain a list of items to be pulled for packing and shipping. The inv entory control system can serve a variety of functions in this case. It can help a worker locate the items on the order list in the warehouse, it can encode shipping information like tracking numbers and delivery addresses, and it can remove these purchased items from the inventory tally to keep an accurate count of in-stock items. All of this data works in tandem to provide businesses with real-time inventory tracking information. Inventory control systems make it simple to locate and analyze inventory information in real-time with a simple database search.Future planning for RH basis of the secondary data collected through presenting collectedWith the global economic crisis petering out, markets seem to be recovering faster than previously assumed, said Norbert Reithofer, BMWs chief executive. Across the car industry, luxury producers are reporting strong growth in new markets and a revival in company car sales in the US and Europe, where the segment did not benefit from last year s scrapping incentives that skewed demand towards smaller cars. JD Power, the auto consultancy, estimates that global sales of premium and superpremium cars, which fell by 12 per cent in 2009 compared with the markets overall 2.5 per cent drop will rebound by 10 per cent this year, more than double the 4 per cent growth it projects for the overall market. BMWs sales rose 13.8 per cent to 315,614 cars in the quarter, mostly driven by more than doubled sales in China. Demand in China has influenced our performance . . . significantly, said Friedrich Eichiner, chief financial officer. BMW, which now sells one in tailfin of its cars in Asia, became one of several carmakers to announce further expansion in China this year when it unveiled plans to spend 560m on a second plant in Shenyang. BMWs arch-rival Daimler doubled its Chinese sales in the first quarter, which helped it to swing from a loss of 1.4bn a year ago to an operating profit of 1.2bn.China is now Daimlers third-largest ma rket and one of its fastest growing.Mr Reithofer said the Munich-based carmaker had received an outstanding order income for its new 5 Series model.BMW said a refreshed model line-up also helped it cut back on incentives for car buyers.Arndt Ellinghorst, analyst at Credit Suisse, said BMW is in the fortunate position that its product momentum coincides with the market recovery.BMW, which also produces Minis and Rolls-Royces, reiterated its target of an operating margin of 8-10 per cent in its automotive business by 2012 a goal described by analysts as ambitious.Lane sharing, page 22Car industry executives, when they gather at the Geneva auto show next week, can congratulate themselves on having weathered their sharpest crisis in decades without wo(e) the collapse they warned would jeopardise millions of jobs.The perennial sick man of manufacturing has survived the worst of the downturn, which began in 2008, thanks to tens of billions of dollars shovelled into the sector in the fo rm of financial bail-outs, cash for clunkers consumer subsidies, and soft political science loans.In one sign that the market is turning, US car sales after hitting a 27-year-low of 10.4m last year are now growing again.But the conceit in Geneva will hardly be ebullient amid forecasts of a hollow recovery for a sector that has not cured itself of its chronic problems. even so as the US market revives, demand for cars in Europe is due to drop this year as cash for clunkers scrappage programmes come to an end.Dieter Zetsche, Daimlers boss, who heads the European industry group Acea, this week spoke of a stoney road ahead for the industry in 2010. Analysts predict car sales in mature markets Europe, North America, and Japan will not return to their pre-crisis levels before 2013. If you look globally, the industry is very much out of intensive care but it still requires a lot of monitor going forwards, says Calum MacRae, lead auto analyst with PwC.Worse, warn experts, European gov ernments interventions in particular kept carmakers afloat without forcing them to address the overcapacity that always was and remains a leading source of their ills.On the contrary France, Italy, Germany and the UK all overtly linked their aid to carmakers to the future of their plants.US carmakers, in deeper financial distress than their European or Asian competitors before the crisis started, cut capacity by 3.5m units in 2007-09, according to PwC. The US government forced GM and Chrysler to close plants as the price for their more than $60bn of bailout loans.In Europe, where most carmakers cut shifts or put workers on shorter hours rather than shutting plants, just 1.2m units of capacity were cut, says PwC.Only two plant closures have been announced since the crisis began of Fiats plant in Termini Imerese, Sicily, and Opels in Antwerp, Belgium. Jaguar vote down Rover also said it would close one of its three UK plants this decade. The industrys structural problems mean carmake rs will face intense competitive pressure even as scrappage subsidies are withdrawn. It looks like were past the worst but a slow recovery is almost a given, says Robert Schulz, analyst with Standard Poors.Frances PSA Peugeot Citron, reporting lettuce this month, said it expected Europes car market to contract by 10 per cent this year its rival Renault said it would shrink by 9 per cent. Fiats shares have slumped this month after Italys government declined to extend the scrapping subsidies that fuelled demand for its cars last year.The ending of Germanys scrappage scheme alone is due to slash tota

Barriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations

Barriers to Implementing E- accomplishment System in Organizations1.0 General introduction/backgroundThis chapter deals with general introduction and the background of the interrogation argona. It in like manner contains the problem line of reasoning, documentarys/purpose, interrogation header, and the structure of the thesis.In todays creation of globalization, fellowship and larn is considered most vital element for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and intromissions ar becoming more than knowledge intensive, thusly they concentrate on managing and sharing knowledge to gain signifi atomic number 50t advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional commandment style has remained consistent with step to the fore any agitates been made to the agreement. This has enabled a cosmic number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational advancementes that could benefit the d odging (Gnes, 2008). On the other hand, engine room is necessary in tell to conquer, save it also a necessity to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them deal been forced to accept technology to be seeded player forward-looking and in effect(p) (Gnes, 2008).Technology has not only radically changed the modalitys and methods of our bailiwicks further is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the recitation of net profit technologies, firms and institutions hasten outstanding opportunities to deliver education and varied cookery techniques through strategical use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006 Kaohsiung Taiwan, 2006). The use of net profit technologies combined with sui disconcert skill strategies assists to allow an open, flexible and dynamic teaching environment. As a result galore(postnominal) corporations, goernment agencies and academic institutions wor ldwide pretend increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This in advance(p) approach of delivering entropy and education is known as E- accomplishment ( caravanserai, 2008). E-learning fundament be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined e-learning as the term use to secernate doctrine and learning resources or experiences that is, in or so way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391).E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for antithetical educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system renders a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who dont lay down the opportunity to be physically available due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Werry, 2002). Hence, dur ing the late 1990s and early 2000 many virtual(prenominal) universities were peeed and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the e learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different researches withstand pointed out many parapets in e learnings go throughation, which strike to its failure. For exemplar scientific infrastructure, course content quality, finance obtain, apprentices computing skills, rung training, management back up and validations destination impedance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005).Organizations heathen resistance is considered as the most powerful hindrance in e learnings death penalty military operation. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively relates the capital punishment process. Un volitioningness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p . 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this s the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless they can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in execution of e learning system. accordingly, if the heathenish issues be overlooked during executing, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings success. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008 Gujar and Sonone, 2004)1.1 Problem statement in that location atomic number 18 different articles and books available in the market which mention astir(predicate) the usefulness and advantages of E learning. Web- ground learning is a new medium of teaching technology researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There be different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research document that can do us to identify circumstantial barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the office of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are chief(prenominal) when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a operose childbed (Childs et al, 2005). To over complete the barriers for implementing E learning, an organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can evenly affect the organizations decision making process.1.2 look for questionWhat are the critical barriers of implementing e -learning system and what is the single-valued function of organizational culture in productive capital punishment of E-learning system?1.3 Objectives and end of the ResearchThe purpose of this research is to attain and break apart the critical factors which whitethorn affect the performance of e-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing e-learning system would help to lower piling the barriers in future capital punishment. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards e-learning systems implementation process, it bequeath be easier to identify a contend outline for organizations to implement E erudition system and to make the system work efficiently and luckyly.1.4 Thesis designThe structure of the thesis is principally focused on sixer chapters which take onChapter 1 Introduction/BackgroundThe Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question.Chapt er 2 Research Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these infos will be decomposed, entropy collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.Chapter 3 Framework of referenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an judgment of the barriers which come crossways E learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.Chapter 4 FindingsThis chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system identifyd by different authors.Chapter 5 AnalysisThis chapter will describe the abstract ground on the findings.Chapter 6 ConclusionsThis section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings2.0 Research Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.2.1 Choice of Topic fisher cat (2007, p.31-33) suggested t hat authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to free the project. The authors get going to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. maculation, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we show that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was rather intriguing for us to explore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for happy implementation of E-learning system. fisherman (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make received that quite literature is available for making detail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, large and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management students.2.2 Research functionTher e are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, explorative research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure nigh outcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data.2.3 Data Collection and sourceFisher (2007, p. 45) states that data could be collected from actual databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or perform case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collecte d from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. randomnessary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation.Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research study. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures.2.4 Access of informationSecondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching Mlardalen Universitys library. furthermore, we have used online library (ebrary) as thoroughly as other librarys database much(prenominal) as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wid e-ranging literature review, twenty tail fin articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to writ of execution of E-learning system, cayword search criteria based on title contained Barriers of E learning system implementation, Implications of E learning system in organizations, Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Challenges of E learning Implementation, Limitations of E learning System,To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained Cultural issues of E leaning system, Cultural Influence on online Learning, Cultural influence on student learning, Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing coun tries, Cross and Multicultural issues for e learning success, Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system.2.5 Data AnalysisAccording to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of iii parallel flows of activity (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/ deterrent (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be successfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are First is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final final stage and verification.In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying describes the possible ex purposeations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation processThe above model is used for the analysis of this research. Moreover, this analysis emphasizes more on comparing various authors view on to analyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations.2.6 Validity and ReliabilityValidity is defined as the degree w hich researchers have careful what they have set out to measure (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means the extent to which another researcher can reach the analogous conclusion by quest the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006).Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validate the barriers and cultural role in implementation process.2.7 Method CritiqueDue to the limitation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to acquire the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been do in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a speculative background. It was also discovered durin g analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with assorted definitions.3.0 Framework of ReferenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.3.1 E-learning3.1.1 What is E-learning?E-learning can be defined as learning and colloquy exercises across computers and networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 Schank, 2002 Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002 Sambrook, 2003 claw Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to caravan inn (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning environment. E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering well designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to any one, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment (Khan, 2008).In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even expire with teachers and classmates both respectively and as a group backchat with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008) Andersson, 2009 Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques standardized computing machine Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), space learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008).For managing learning environment resembling, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Brown, 2006).In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail but in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards.These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very cold from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US in the academic twelvemonth 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to personal instruction.3.2 Implementation of E-learningOne of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system To strengthen the tralatitious face-to-face courses with house of new communication technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the avidity of many influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common.Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get substitute from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and military rank are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners support operate staff and the institutions itself.In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable service without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the triumph of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005).A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E learning. aline and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important. Communication is also important for those who are in a flash trusty for the implementation and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, available and divisional leaders. There should be consistent memoriald meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are fix to technical issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation.3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementationWorldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure.(http//www.citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003)Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investig ate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues eon some whitethorn have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the success of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, thither is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article)Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorized e-learning limitations in three main areas technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limi ted Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002 Hiltz, 1997).(Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this referencePersonal issues are generally related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003). For learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get bilk from this unlawful learning environment.(Wong, 2007 Carr, 1999 Hamid, 2002 Angelina, 2002a, p.12)The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its utmost which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003 Rivera and Rice, 2002 Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In e-learning environment students are usually hypothetical to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the unfitness of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007 Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations e-learning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over breed teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002. Dringus, 2003 Newton, 2003 Kathawala, Schifter, 2004).Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003 Smulders, 2003 Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003 Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 Svensson, 2004 Ivergard Hunt, 2005). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). capability barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, fear and up gradation.Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching scope in to electronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997)Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account.The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (Boondao et al, 2008).3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers3.4.1 A Framework for E-LearningThese days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. except as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to bridle them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are di verse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and evaluation.3.1 institutional IssuesInstitutions need to build a complete plan for the successful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution thence a strong comment needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997 Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004).To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, Academic affairs and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs is sues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning effectiveness. just about of the institutional related issues are mentioned belowNeeds AssessmentNeeds analysis will assist institutions to examine the needs for their e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005)Readiness AssessmentReadiness Assessment critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three radical types of readiness Financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultural which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25).Organizational changeE-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005).Budgeting and reverberation on investmentInstitutions should do costing before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Learning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29).Program and course information catalogInstitution should provide precise information about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30).Financial AidFinancial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32).PoliciesInstitutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35).Instructional QualityInstructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), greens and Choi (2009). efficacy and Staff supportFor effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as supporting staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41).Intellectual property rightsInstitutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual property rights (Khan 2005, p. 39).Learning Skills DevelopmentWell-designed learners guide can help those learners, supporting staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, Tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39) ), Wong (2007).3.2Management issues(Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issues of e-learning in organization refBarriers to Implementing E-learning System in OrganizationsBarriers to Implementing E-learning System in Organizations1.0 General introduction/backgroundThis chapter deals with general introduction and the background of the research area. It also contains the problem statement, objectives/purpose, research question, and the structure of the thesis.In todays world of globalization, knowledge and learning is considered most vital element for acquiring competitive advantage (Longworth and Davies, 1996). For gaining competitive advantage firms and institutions are becoming more knowledge intensive, therefore they concentrate on managing and sharing knowledge to gain significant advantage of this knowledge (Hertog and Sluijs, 1995).Traditional education style has remained consistent without any changes been made to the system. This has enabled a large number of creative thinkers to ponder other possible educational approaches that could benefit the system (Gnes, 2008). On the other hand, technology is necessary in order to conquer, but it also a necessit y to remain in competition. All the sectors, whether it is primary, manufacturing or tertiary, all of them have been forced to accept technology to become innovative and efficient (Gnes, 2008).Technology has not only radically changed the ways and methods of our works but is now beginning to transform the education system (Webster and Murphy, 2008).With the use of internet technologies, firms and institutions have outstanding opportunities to deliver education and different training techniques through strategic use of internet technologies (Lee, 2006 Kaohsiung Taiwan, 2006). The use of Internet technologies combined with suitable learning strategies assists to provide an open, flexible and dynamic learning environment. As a result many corporations, government agencies and academic institutions worldwide have increased the use of internet and educational technologies to deliver instructions and provide training. This innovative approach of delivering information and education is kno wn as E-learning (Khan, 2008). E-learning can be simply defined as the way of learning which delivers its contents through World Wide Web (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Sharifabadi defined e-learning as the term used to describe teaching and learning resources or experiences that is, in some way, delivered electronically. (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Sharifabadi, 2006, p.391).E-learning is a way of interaction through electronic mediums, mainly computers, by using videos, photos, texts and sounds for different educational purposes (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). E-learning system creates a learning opportunity for the convenience of those who dont have the opportunity to be physically available due to various reasons (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Werry, 2002). Hence, during the late 1990s and early 2000 many virtual universities were naturalized and more universities were offering online courses, but mixed results of the e learning systems were encountered (Gulatee and Combes, 2007). Different r esearches have pointed out many barriers in e learnings implementation, which lead to its failure. For example technological infrastructure, course content quality, finance support, learners computing skills, staff training, management support and organizations culture resistance (Romiszowski, 2003, Childs et al, 2005, Muilenburg and Berge, 2005).Organizations cultural resistance is considered as the most influential barrier in e learnings implementation process. The cultures resistance or resistance from the potential users negatively affects the implementation process. Unwillingness of the employees can create major problems for the managers and can lead to the system failure (Shields and Young, 1989, p. 22). Employees resistance and avoiding of the use of required procedures and rules could lead the system to failure even if it has been developed perfectly and is ready to use (Malmi, 1997, p. 475). In this instant the managers cannot gain full benefits of the new system unless th ey can create a change in the employees attitude (Yates, 1997, p. 164). Cultural differences among peers could create many problems in implementation of e learning system. Therefore, if the cultural issues are overlooked during implementation, their ignorance could act as a vital barrier in e learnings success. (AL-Hunaiyyan et al, 2008 Gujar and Sonone, 2004)1.1 Problem statementThere are different articles and books available in the market which mention about the usefulness and advantages of E learning. Web-based learning is a new medium of information technology researchers have mentioned many different factors which act as barriers towards implementing E-learning system (Ngai et al., 2007). There are different factors cited by various authors which exist in their research papers that can help us to identify critical barriers. In addition, we are interested in finding out, to which extent an organization is dependent on the role of its culture, and how culture can lead to success or failure of the E-learning system. It should be noted that culture has a great impact in organizations and are important when decision making is involved in IT management. In this regard, an organization is said to be confronted with stiff resistance, consequently making IT management a difficult task (Childs et al, 2005). To overcome the barriers for implementing E learning, an organization should try and manage these barriers accordingly because they are critical to any organizations general business model and can equally affect the organizations decision making process.1.2 Research questionWhat are the critical barriers of implementing e-learning system and what is the role of organizational culture in successful implementation of E-learning system?1.3 Objectives and Purpose of the ResearchThe purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the critical factors which may affect the implementation of e-learning system. Investigating the barriers of implementing e-learning s ystem would help to lower down the barriers in future implementation. Moreover by examining the cultural influence of an organization towards e-learning systems implementation process, it will be easier to identify a complete outline for organizations to implement E Learning system and to make the system work efficiently and successfully.1.4 Thesis designThe structure of the thesis is principally focused on six chapters which includeChapter 1 Introduction/BackgroundThe Introduction gives brief overview of the research topic, including the purpose and objectives, problems and research question.Chapter 2 Research Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.Chapter 3 Framework of referenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E learning systems implementation processes ci ted by different authors.Chapter 4 FindingsThis chapter provides frequencies of different barriers for implementing E learning system described by different authors.Chapter 5 AnalysisThis chapter will describe the analysis based on the findings.Chapter 6 ConclusionsThis section finally concludes the lessons drawn from the findings2.0 Research Design/MethodsThis chapter deals with the choice of topic, research process which indicates how these datas will be analyzed, data collection, validity and reliability, and method critique.2.1 Choice of TopicFisher (2007, p.31-33) suggested that authors should choose research area according to their interests, so they remain motivated and committed to complete the project. The authors belong to Pakistan, where E-learning system is not much in practiced in organizations. While, e learning system is already in use in Sweden, we found that E-learning system is a proficient tool in learning process. Therefore, it was quite intriguing for us to expl ore this topic. In addition, we were interested in finding out the barriers for implementation of E-learning system and to investigate the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system. Fisher (2007, p.31-33) urges that chosen topic should be accessible and it is necessary to make sure that quite literature is available for making detail analysis. We are certain that our topic is enough interesting, significant and demanding for all researchers, businesses managers and Information Technology Management students.2.2 Research ProcessThere are various methodological approaches to carry out research i.e. Realist research, exploratory research, critical realism, standpoint research, action research and phenomenology etc, Fisher (2007, p.15). In addition, Fisher (2007, p.153-155) mentioned two kinds of discoveries e.g. Explorers and Surveyors. A kind of research where an open approach is used with conceptual framework but the authors are not sure about o utcomes and results of the work they do, is called exploratory research. On the other hand surveyors discovery approach is pre-structured where surveyors are already inform of the results and out come of their work. According to these concepts our research is exploratory as we are dependent on secondary data.2.3 Data Collection and sourceFisher (2007, p. 45) states that data could be collected from existing databases, through questionnaires, conducting fieldwork or performing case studies as it depends on the kind of research. In this research entire data has been collected from available databases as the research is entirely based on secondary data collection method. Secondary source has been used in this research. The data was extracted from articles, books and websites, magazines, journals and articles with focus on critical barriers to e learning implementation.Fisher stated that (2007, P.158-161) data could be qualitative or quantitative depending on the method of research stud y. A quantitative approach has been used here in this research. No statistics has been used in this research and as all research has been analyzed by words not figures.2.4 Access of informationSecondary data has extracted from different sources. The required literature has been acquired by searching Mlardalen Universitys library. Furthermore, we have used online library (ebrary) as well as other librarys database such as Elin, Emerald, Eric and EBSCO for articles and journals, which have helped us to answer our research query. Going through a wide-ranging literature review, twenty five articles were identified that give answer to the research question from distinct angles. To identify the barriers to Implementation of E-learning system, keyword search criteria based on title contained Barriers of E learning system implementation, Implications of E learning system in organizations, Implementation of E learning system in large organization, Challenges of E learning Implementation, Lim itations of E learning System,To describe and analyze the role of organizations culture for successful implementation of E-learning system in organization, keyword search criteria contained Cultural issues of E leaning system, Cultural Influence on online Learning, Cultural influence on student learning, Analyzing cultural Influences on E learning Transactional Issue, Cultural difference and influence on E learning, Social and cultural impact on e learning Effectiveness, A cultural Analysis of relearning for developed and developing countries, Cross and Multicultural issues for e learning success, Influence of organizational cultural in E learning, Organizational resistance towards implementing E learning system.2.5 Data AnalysisAccording to Miles and Huberman (1994) the data analysis consists of three parallel flows of activity (1) Data reduction, (2) Data display, and (3) Conclusion drawing/verification (p. 10). Furthermore they suggested that data analysis components could be suc cessfully integrated during data analysis, as it is an iterative and continuous process (Miles and Huberman 1994). They have stated three components of activities that describe analysis which are First is data reduction that is focused on selection, simplification and transformation of data (Miles and Huberman 1994). This process is applied in qualitative data. The objective of this is data is to help drawing final conclusion and verification.In this study data is taken from the studies where authors cited barriers to implement E-learning with focus on cultural resistance in an organization. Second is data display i.e. data reduced in data reduction needs to be organized that help to draw conclusion easily. In table mentioned below, different factors related to critical barriers to implementation of E-learning system and the role of organizations culture is given below along with the frequency of each factor. Third is the conclusion based on drawing/verifying describes the possible explanations, causal flows and propositions to be made. Therefore based on the findings and discussed analysis, conclusions would be drawn to signify the influential role of organizations culture towards the implementation processThe above model is used for the analysis of this research. Moreover, this analysis emphasizes more on comparing various authors view on to analyze and describe the critical barriers and role of culture to employ E-learning system in organizations.2.6 Validity and ReliabilityValidity is defined as the degree which researchers have measured what they have set out to measure (Kumar, 2005) whereas reliability means the extent to which another researcher can reach the same conclusion by following the same research process (Taylor et al., 2006).Several articles have been used to identify the barriers of implementing E learning system and to analyze the role of organizational culture. Besides, frequencies of more influential barriers have been generated to validat e the barriers and cultural role in implementation process.2.7 Method CritiqueDue to the limitation of time, a limited number of articles have been used to formulate the frequency to identify the critical barriers. It could be better to use more articles to strengthen our research as a number of studies have already been done in this area. However this study will describe and analyze the critical barriers for the implementation of E-learning system related literature and to gain a theoretical background. It was also discovered during analysis of this study that most of the authors mentioned the critical factors with mere repetition with diverse definitions.3.0 Framework of ReferenceThis chapter discusses relevant theories to give the reader an understanding of the barriers which come across E-learning systems implementation processes cited by different authors.3.1 E-learning3.1.1 What is E-learning?E-learning can be defined as learning and communication exercises across computers an d networks or electronic sources. (Wong, 2007 Schank, 2002 Roffe, 2002 Tsai Machado, 2002 Sambrook, 2003 Fry Wild, Grggs and Downing, 2002) have defined E-learning as delivery of training and education via networked interactivity and distribution technologies.According to Khan (2008), the word e-learning is used for an open, flexible, and diversed-learning environment. E-learning can be viewed as an innovative approach for delivering well designed, learner-centered, interactive, and facilitated learning environment to anyone, anyplace, anytime by utilizing the attributes and resources of various digital technologies along with other forms of learning materials suited for open, flexible, and distributed learning environment (Khan, 2008).In e-learning system Students are able to interact anytime from anywhere with different instructional material (text, sound, pictures, video and so on) through Internet. Furthermore, learners can even communicate with teachers and classmates both i ndividually and as a group discussion with the use of message boards, instant message exchanges and video conferencing. (Al-Ammari and Hamad (2008) Andersson, 2009 Zhang and Zhou, 2003). (Lee, 2006) Therefore, E-learning has been defined variously, learning system using different carrying technologies and techniques like Computer Based Training (CBT), Internet-based training (IBT), Web-based instruction (WBI), distributed learning (DL), advanced distributed learning (ADL), distance learning, online learning (OL), mobile learning (or m-learning) or remote learning and learning management systems (LMS) (Khan, 2008).For managing learning environment like, registration of learners, scheduling learning resources, controlling and guidance of learning processes and analyzing learners performance are all accomplish in Learning Management System (LMS) (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Brown, 2006).In 1970s and 1980s distance learning started becoming popular and sued to conduct through postal mail b ut in 1990s the rise of World Wide Web changed the nature distance learning. With the use of this technology learners can get a number of resources from their teachers like discussion forums, multimedia, chat, video conferencing and electronic black boards.These changes which have been brought in distance education are an attempt to provide easier access to students who live very far from universities, who are working or have other reasons for not being able to attend in person. In the US in the academic year 2001-2, five million people took at least one course online, and three million were enrolled in online degree programs (Gulatee and Combes, 2007 Kazmer Haythornthwaite, 2005, p.7). It can be seen in these figures that distance education online has become a popular alternative to face-to-face instruction.3.2 Implementation of E-learningOne of the following three approaches is necessary for the implementation of the e-learning system To strengthen the traditional face-to-face co urses with support of new communication technology, enhancement of learning experience with in traditional courses by integration of online activities and delivery of entirely online courses. In this implementation the readiness of some influential factors like budgeting, infrastructure planning, human resource development (experience, skills, knowledge and attitude of the end users) are most common.Uhomoibhi (2006) stated that E-learning initiators, institutions must use and prepare strategies for adoption, diffusion and implementation. For a successful implementation of online environment where learners can actively learn and get support from well-organized approach is mandatory. Processes of planning, designing, development and evaluation are all parts of a successful implementation that could help to lower down the barriers of implementation. An e-learning system can only be successful if it is significant to all stakeholders e.g. instructors, learners support services staff and the institutions itself.In order for learners to become quickly accustomed to E-learning, it must be made sure that it is easily accessible, efficient, well designed course, affordable, and has a facilitated learning environment. Instructors must feel a sense of accomplishment when learners meet the goals and objectives of the course in a successful way. Technical support staff should feel happy when learners receive reliable services without interruptions. One of the most important factors for institutions is the profit they earn as well as the satisfaction of the learner and a low rate of dropouts (Khan, 2005).A strong foundation is required in order to have an effective implementation of E learning. Aligning and communication are two important factors in implementation of e learning system. It is necessary to make sure the communication is in order. Involvement of key stakeholders at the decision making stage or any other early process is very important. Communication is also im portant for those who are directly responsible for the implementation and professionals also suggest a horizontal leadership style so that everyone is responsible for their actions. This includes individuals who are critical to the implementations success which include line, functional and divisional leaders. There should be consistent scheduled meetings with these individuals to discuss the newly arising issues in the project to come up with a solution. Most of the pitfalls of e-learning are tied to technological issues so it is important to involve IT leadership throughout the project to mitigate the problems in implementation process. Creation of helpdesk for reporting of IT related issues is more important. While selecting the vendors it is important to make sure that the vendors have an outstanding and proven record. Strong communication and feedback from vendors is a necessary step for a successful implementation.3.3 An overview of the critical issues in E-learning implementat ionWorldwide, E-learning arises as a new paradigm of advance education with a growing rate of 36.5% in the market, but still failures exist. As many companies are moving very fast to the adoption of e-learning in order to reap its benefits but they are facing significant barriers in its implementation and adoption, which leads them to implementation failure.(http//www.citeulike.org/user/jdellano/article/5315881) (Simmons, 2002, p.19). (Mungania, 2003)Hence, to mitigate this failure we have to investigate key factors that encompass different dimensions of an open, flexible and advanced distributed learning environment for diverse learners (Khan, 2005). Literature has mentioned a wide range of factors that can influence the successful implementation of e-learning e.g. some talks about pedagogical issues, faculty issues and organizational issues while some may have discussed about personal issues, cultural issues and some other issues. A broad range of factors that can influence the su ccess of e-learning environments has been mentioned in the literature. However, there is no organized work to characterize collective group of most influential issues or factors, which could be seen as barriers. (Successful wala article)Distinct authors consider different barriers as most influential in implementation of e-learning.Wong (2007) has categorized e-learning limitations in three main areas technological limitations, personal issues and other limitations. The lack of hardware, limited Internet coverage and low bandwidth are all consider as technological barriers in implementation of e learning. (Wong, 2007 Kathawala, Abdou, Elmulti, 2002 Hiltz, 1997).(Chadha Kumail, 2002, p.28).Roy (1996, p.9) // where u use this referencePersonal issues are mostly related to learners and teachers. Teachers should give a complete guidance to the learners about this new and non-traditional system to prepare new learners psychologically (Wong, 2007 Kember et al., 2001 Dearnley, 2003). Fo r learners the use of new technologies could be a disadvantage or barrier in e learning. So the lack information, communication and technological skills might be barriers to e- learning because learners could get frustrated from this unconventional learning environment.(Wong, 2007 Carr, 1999 Hamid, 2002 Angelina, 2002a, p.12)The freedom provided by E-learning could be a disadvantage for the learners as internal motivation and self discipline is required at its maximum which learners may find hard to achieve in order to complete their studies or assignments in time. As (Wong, 2007 Kearsley, 2000) Schott et al., 2003 Rivera and Rice, 2002 Abouchedid and Eid, 2004).In e-learning environment students are usually supposed to communicate in a text based environment so learners poor writing skills might be a disadvantage in e learning. Therefore, the inability of communicating efficiently of learners could create misunderstandings (Wong, 2007 Smith Rupp, 2004). Others limitations e-lear ning provides 247 access. This infinite work might be a disadvantage for learners and particularly for teachers. This unlimited work could over stress teachers, resulting in a low quality services from instructors.(Abdou Elmulti, 2002. Dringus, 2003 Newton, 2003 Kathawala, Schifter, 2004).Poor course design could appear a major barrier in implementation of e learning as it could frustrate the learners and teachers. (Young Bal, 2003 Smulders, 2003 Howell, Williams Lindsay 2003 Gordon, Young Bal, 2003 Svensson, 2004 Ivergard Hunt, 2005). Cronje (2009) sees some influential barriers such as student barriers are related to lack of financial support from their families and cooperation among peers and from teachers (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997). Faculty barriers the lack of funds is the most important one. Institutes attitude towards the lecturers that some time seems less prominent among their peers is considered another important barrier in successful e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galush a, 1997). Organizational barriers poor funding for three major costs areas are considered more crucial barriers e.g. Initial costs of the implementation process, maintenance and up gradation.Course barriers course design is regarded as most important one. Poor course design is one of reasons of inferiority of Distance learning. Conversion of teaching context in to electronic shape could not add any value to e learning (Cronje, 2009 Galusha, 1997)Boondao et al (2008) mentioned, It is not possible, in the view of some scholars, to create a model of the good teacher without taking issues of culture and context into account.The influence of culture cannot be ignored in successful implementation of e learning. Considering learners from different culture e.g. east and west, learners from both cultures have particular approaches and styles of learning. Therefore, lack of consideration of cultural issues during designing could prove as a barrier in successful implementation of e learning (B oondao et al, 2008).3.4 Discussing the different critical barriers3.4.1 A Framework for E-LearningThese days an escalating amount of companies are implementing E-learning System (Mungania, 2003).. But as these companies try to take advantages of E-learning to gain strategic and competitive advantages in absolute urgency, there are significant number barriers to the implementation of E-learning come across to halt them (Simmons, 2002, p.19 and Mungania, (2003). As E-learning barriers are diverse and may include as personal, organizational, situational, instructional, and technological barriers. (Mungania, 2003) Moreover khans E- learning framework provides details on critical issues which may come cross E learning implementation process. Khans E-learning framework composed of eight dimensions institutional, management, technological, pedagogical, ethical, interface design, resource support, and evaluation.3.1 Institutional IssuesInstitutions need to build a complete plan for the succ essful implantation of E learning system (Khan 2005, p.23).Moreover Childs et al (2005) stated that institution should focus on cultural aspects for the implementation process of E learning system which have a significant effect upon the success of E learning process (Cronje,2009). E-learning needs to be integrated to all departments of the institution therefore a strong comment needed from the institution and the trainers Childs et al (2005). Moreover, E-learning implementation plan must be fully aligned with the institutions missions and strategic plans (Galusha , 1997 Belanger and Jordan, 2000). Therefore e-learning implementation process is paradigm shift for the institution as a whole which includes learners, instructors, administrators, technical and other support services staff (Romiszowski, 2004).To support institutions in strategic planning, change management and process development that are necessary to highlight their embedding process and issues which may occur in their organization (Childs et al (2005) and Khan 2005,p.23). Khan has divided institution issue into three parts administrative affairs, Academic affairs and Student services (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Administrative affairs which includes organization and change (implementation of E learning system), budgeting and ROI , course information catalog, financial aid, course schedule, tuition and fees, registration and payment, information technology services, instructional design, whereas Academic affairs issues such as policies, instructional quality, faculty and staff support, intellectual property rights and so on (Khan 2005,p. 24 ). Moreover Student services deals with student support services for e-learning effectiveness. Some of the institutional related issues are mentioned belowNeeds AssessmentNeeds analysis will assist institutions to examine the needs for their e-learning plan and establish its e-learning goals. (Khan 2005,p. 24 , Sue Childs et al.2005)Readiness AssessmentReadiness Assessm ent critical factors should be considered are e-learning must be Open, flexible and distributed. There are three basic types of readiness Financial Readiness which defines whether its e-learning initiative investment importance, Infrastructural readiness readiness which includes human resource readiness, equipment readiness, and technological skill readiness and cultural which are preferences of Learners instructors and the existing learning culture (Khan 2005, p.25).Organizational changeE-learning engages a change of model to some level, a change in how you deal with knowledge and its information in organization (Khan 2005, p. 26 and Sue Childs et al.2005).Budgeting and return on investmentInstitutions should do costing before, during, and after the implementation of e-learning so that they are able to analyze return on investment and benefits of e Learning (Romiszowski, 2004 and Khan 2005, p.28-29).Program and course information catalogInstitution should provide precise informatio n about their courses, schedule and fees etc (Mungania 2003, Khan 2005, p.30).Financial AidFinancial aid services should be provided to support learners by using technological and human support services (Khan 2005, p.32).PoliciesInstitutional e-learning policies must be communicated to all groups including instructors, learners, and support staff (Khan 2005, p. 35).Instructional QualityInstructional quality in e-learning creates meaningful learning environment (Khan 2005,p. 35, Muilenburg and Berge (2005), Gulatee and Combes (2007), Lum (2006), Park and Choi (2009).Faculty and Staff supportFor effective e learning instructor, faculty members as well as supporting staff should receive proper training to support the learners (Khan 2005, p.41).Intellectual property rightsInstitutions must give information to the learners, as well instructors about intellectual property rights (Khan 2005, p. 39).Learning Skills DevelopmentWell-designed learners guide can help those learners, supporting staff how have no experience with open, distributed and flexible learning environment which includes Library, Tutorial Services, and Support Network (Khan 2005, p. 39) ), Wong (2007).3.2Management issues(Magalhaes, 2008) stated that lack of management support is number one barriers towards successful implementation of E learning system in institution. Management issues of e-learning in organization ref

All The Kings Men :: essays research papers

The amount of change people go through in their lives is remarkable. One day, you can be a devious criminal, while the near you could turn a new leaf and become a saint. The change that jacklight goes through in All the Kings Men, is comparable to that of the enduring who receives a lobotomy. Although mother fucker undergoes no physical change, the events he witnesses rock his personality, and transforms him into an entirely new man. His metamorphosis from the beginning of the story to the end has as galore(postnominal) parallels to the anonymous patients operation as it does differences. Besides the obvious fact that no one ever operated on Jack, there are still many differences between him and the lobotomy patient. The most significant difference, however, lies in the reason for both mens change. Adam remarks that the man will have a only new personality, and when Jack brings up the concept of baptism, Adam adds that a baptismal is different because it does not give you a n ew personality, it merely gives you a new set of values to exercise your personality in. Here is where Jack and the patient differs. Jack is the complete opposite. While the man will have a new personality, Jack will go on to have the same personality, but exercise it in a different set of values. The man the ref comes to know in the final pages of the novel is still recognizable as Jack. In these final pages, Jack notes that Hugh Miller will get back into politics, and that Jack himself will be along to hold his coat. One will recall Miller as the Attorney General who resigned to keep his hands from getting dirty. This is a clear example of Jacks new set of values. Jack will keep doing what he has done for so many years -working in politics - because his personality has not changed. Nevertheless, his new set of values will not allow him to work for someone who is amoral any longer.Although there are such discernible differences as the one previously mentioned, one must also reali ze that there are prominent similarities between Jack and the anonymous patient. The principal similarity, strangely enough, is connected to the change cited earlier. Jacks new set of values is what is equivalent to the new values the patient receives along with his new personality. Jack

Cancer and Lucille Cliftons Poetry Essay -- Lucille Clifton poem Poet

Cancer and Lucille Cliftons PoetrySometimes knowledge of someones life can be taught by stanzas. It is not always simple existence honest and open to discuss past troubles, exclusively it is important that those negative thoughts do not stay bottled inside you. Expressing these feelings can help aid in recovering. Lucille Clifton uses poetry as her therapy to bring out all the shadows in her life. From the beginning of her cargoner with the publishing of Good News active the Earth in 1972 to the most recent addition, Mercy in 2004, we see how Clifton relies on her writing to capture her past. Lucille Cliftons poetry traces the life of a strong woman imprisoned by loss and disease, but eventually frees herself by living each moment as if it were her last.When you open up one of Lucille Cliftons books of poetry, you will first acknowledge her unique form. Her poems lack capitalization, punctuation, and many of her poems reject the normal etiquette for spacing. They are often described as spare in form, deceptively simple in language, entangled in ideas, and reflective of the commonplace (Houston). The lack in form seems to be very significant because there are some poems where capitalization and punctuation are used. In Holladays unbalanced Blessings, it is suggested that like the Beat poets, black activist poets were reacting against the political and literary establishment(19). There is importance in the lack of form, but it seems that Clifton was not aiming to revolutionize, but merely make a point that the way the poem is written reflects her feelings on the subject. In 1972 Clifton published Good News About the Earth, which addresses societal issues of the time, heroism, family and religion. We see the first instanc... ...eel that she has found some peace with her troubles. She no longer questions the worst, but instead stops the talking and lives her life without fear of the unknown. working CitedClifton, Lucille . Good News About The Earth. New York Random House, 1972.Clifton, Lucille . Mercy. Rochester BOA Editions, Ltd., 2004.Clifton, Lucille . The Terrible Stories. Brockport BOA Editions, Ltd., 1996.Hartman, Stephanie. Reading The Scar in Breast Cancer Poetry. Feminist Studies 2004. 09 Apr 2006 Holladay, Hilary. Wild Blessings The Poetry of Lucille Clifton. Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press, 2004.Houston, Helen R. About Lucille Clifton. Modern American Poetry. 1995. 09 Apr. 2006 .The Terrible Stories. Amazon.ca Editorial Reviews Books. 1996. Publishers Weekly. 09 Apr. 2006 . (amazon).